Kuziviswa kweRusununguko rweIndonesia uye Vanhu Vanobatanidzwa
Pendauluan
Kuziviswa kweKuzvitonga kweIndonesia kwaive chiitiko chenhoroondo chakaratidza kuzvarwa kweUnitary State yeRepublic of Indonesia. Musi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, Sukarno naMohammad Hatta vakazivisa rusununguko rweIndonesia kubva muhutongi hweJapan. Zvisinei, chiitiko ichi chaisanganisira zvinopfuura vanhu vaviri ava chete. Vamwe vanhu vazhinji, zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga, vakapa mipiro yakakosha pabasa iri. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora rwendo rwakatungamira kukuzivisa, nguva yekuzivisa pachayo, uye vanhu vanobatanidzwa.
Mamiriro Ezvakaitika Kare
Kutorwa kweJapan
Mushure menguva yakareba yekutonga kweDutch, Indonesia yakakundwa neJapan muna 1942. Kunyangwe pakutanga yakagamuchirwa nevamwe serusununguko kubva kuhudzvanyiriri hweDutch, chokwadi chekutorwa kweJapan chaive chakafanana. Japan yakashandisa zviwanikwa zveIndonesia nevanhu zvakanyanya.
Mamiriro Enyika
Pakutanga kwa1945, mamiriro ezvinhu pasi rose akakanganisa mafambiro eIndonesia. Panguva iyoyo, Japan yakanga ichikundwa mushure mekukundwa muPacific theatre yeHondo Yenyika II. Mamiriro aya akashandiswa nevatungamiriri vesangano rerusununguko kugadzirira kuzvitonga.
Kuwa kweJapan
Musi wa6 na9 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, mauto eAllies akadonhedza mabhomba eatomu paHiroshima neNagasaki. Kurwiswa uku kwakamanikidza Japan kukanda mapfumo pasi musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, zvichipa mukana kune varwi verusununguko rweIndonesia.
Kuenda kuChiziviso
Boka Rekare neBoka Revechidiki
Maitiro akatungamira pakuziviswa kwehurumende akaonekwa nenharo pakati pemapoka maviri makuru: vakuru nevadiki. Vakuru, vaisanganisira vatungamiriri vakuru vakaita saSukarno naHatta, vaiwanzomirira sarudzo kubva kuJapan. Kune rumwe rutivi, vechidiki, vakaita saSoetan Sjahrir, Wikana, naChaerul Saleh, vakakurudzira kuziviswa kwerusununguko nekukurumidza vasina kumirira mvumo yeJapan.
Kugadzirwa kweRugwaro rweKuzivisa
Musi wa16 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, chiitiko cheRengasdengklok chakaitika, uko Sukarno naHatta "vakabiwa" nemapoka evechidiki ndokuendeswa kuRengasdengklok kuti vakurumidze kuziviswa kwehurumende. Ikoko, hurukuro dzakasimba dzakatevera, pakupedzisira dzakaita kuti pave nechibvumirano chekuzivisa rusununguko nekukasika.
Mushure mekudzokera kuJakarta, Sukarno, Hatta, naAhmad Subardjo vakanyora gwaro rekuzivisa rusununguko kumba kwaAdmiral Maeda, mukuru wemauto emugungwa wekuJapan aitsigira chinangwa cheIndonesia. Gwaro iri rekuzivisa rusununguko rakazoshandiswa zvakare.
Nguva Yekuzivisa
Mangwanani emusi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, pamba paSukarno paJalan Pegangsaan Timur Nhamba 56, Jakarta, mhemberero yekuzivisa yakaitika zviri nyore asi zvine mutsindo. Pakanga pasina mhemberero huru kana vamiriri vedzimwe nyika. Varwi vakavimbika nevagari vemo chete ndivo vakaona nguva iyi yenhoroondo.
Kuverengwa kweChiziviso
Nenguva dza10:00 mangwanani chaidzo, Soekarno akaverenga zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvakadzikama mashoko echiziviso ichi:
"Chiziviso
Isu vanhu vekuIndonesia tinozivisa rusununguko rweIndonesia.
Nyaya dzine chekuita nekuchinjisa simba nedzimwe nyaya dzinofanira kuitwa nokungwarira uye munguva pfupi pfupi inobvira.
Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05
Muzita rerudzi rweIndonesia
Soekarno-Hatta”
Kusimudza Mureza Mutsvuku neMuchena
Mushure mekunge chiziviso chaverengwa, Latief Hendraningrat naSuhud vakasimudza mureza mutsvuku nemuchena. Tambo yakashandiswa kusunga mureza yakapihwa nevakadzi vaivapo.
Rwiyo rwenyika
Pasina kudzidzira kana kugadzirira, vateereri vakaimba rwiyo rwenyika rweIndonesia, vachifadza mafambiro ekunze. Panguva iyoyo, mweya wekubatana uye kudada senyika yakazvimirira wainyatsoonekwa.
Vanhu Vanobatanidzwa
Soekarno
Sukarno, anowanzozivikanwa sa "Baba veChiziviso," aive munhu akakosha mukurwira kuzvitonga kweIndonesia. Mutungamiriri uyu ane hunhu hwakanaka akabudirira kubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika mushure mechinangwa chimwe chete: kuzvitonga. Maitiro ake ekutaura anokurudzira uye chiono chake cheIndonesia yakazvimirira ndizvo zvakaita kuti pave nesangano guru renyika.
Mohammad Hatta
Semutevedzeri wemumiriri weparamende, Mohammad Hatta akaita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira hunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika nekugadzira hurongwa. Hatta, ane ruzivo rwezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, akapa pfungwa huru mukurwira kuzvitonga. Kushanda pamwe chete naSukarno kwakaita kuti pave nepfungwa yekuchinja nyika nehurongwa hwakanaka.
Ahmad Subardjo
Ahmad Subardjo aive mumwe wevakatanga Indonesia uye aishandawo mukukurukurirana. Vechidiki, vachida kukurumidzisa kuziviswa kwemutemo, vakamusarudza kuti ave mutauriri wavo nechizvarwa chekare. Basa raSubardjo mukugadzira gwaro rekuzivisa mutemo harigoni kufuratirwa.
Admiral Maeda
Admiral Tadashi Maeda aive mukuru wemauto emuJapan ane chinzvimbo chepamusoro akabatsira muhurongwa hwekuzvitonga kweIndonesia nekupa mukana wekunyora gwaro rekuzivisa. Kunyangwe aive wekune imwe nyika, kuda kwake kubatsira kwakaratidza rutsigiro rwezvinhu zvakati wandei zvekunze zvekuzvitonga kweIndonesia.
Sutan Sjahrir
Sjahrir aive jaya rine shungu uye pfungwa. Aiwanzoshanda sebhiriji pakati pevakuru nevechidiki uye akaita basa guru mukuunganidza rutsigiro rwerusununguko.
Vechidiki
Mazita akaita saWikana, Chaerul Saleh, naSukarni anomiririra boka revechidiki rinoramba richishinga. Vakakurudzira kuti chiziviso ichi chiitwe nekukasika vasina kumirira mvumo yeJapan, vachitora njodzi huru nekuda kwerusununguko.
Varwi Nevanhu
Kuwedzera kune vanhu vataurwa pamusoro apa, zviuru zvevarwi nevanhuwo zvavo zvakaitawo basa guru. Vangave vakavanzika nenhoroondo, asi mipiro yavo mukufamba kwepasi pevhu, kuparadzira ruzivo, uye kurwisa kwemuviri zvakava nemigumisiro yakakura.
Mhedzisiro uye Nhaka yeChiziviso
Kuziviswa kwerusununguko rweIndonesia kwakaratidza kutanga kwehondo refu yekudzivirira nekusimbisa hutongi hwenyika. Mushure mekuziviswa uku, vatungamiriri verusununguko vakatarisana nechimurenga chemuviri vachipesana nemaDutch, avo vaiedza kutorazve Indonesia. Kurwisana uku kwakasimba kwakazozivikanwa nekugamuchirwa kwerusununguko rweDutch musi wa27 Zvita 1949.
Nhaka yekuzivisa uku ichiri kunzwisiswa nanhasi. Gore rega rega, vanhu vekuIndonesia vanopemberera Zuva reKuzvitonga nemabasa akasiyana-siyana akagadzirirwa kurangarira kurwa kwemagamba uye kuisa mweya werudzi.
Mhedziso
Kuziviswa kweRusununguko rweIndonesia kwakanga kusiri kwebasa remunhu mumwe chete kana boka, asi kushandira pamwe kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana venyika vakabatana kuti vazadzise chinangwa chimwe chete chakanaka—rusununguko. Vanhu vakaita saSoekarno, Hatta, Ahmad Subardjo, Admiral Maeda, Sutan Sjahrir, nevamwe vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vevarwi verusununguko nevanhu vakaita mabasa avo, vachipa ushingi, njere, uye mweya wekuzvipira.
Kuziviswa kwerusununguko rweIndonesia musi wa17 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, kwaisangova kungodzokorora rugwaro, asi chiratidzo chine simba chekubatana, kuzvipira, uye tariro yeramangwana riri nani reIndonesia. Mweya uyu unofanira kuchengetedzwa uye kupfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
