Zviitiko Zvinosuwisa Zvekubhomba muHiroshima neNagasaki
Kubhombwa kweHiroshima neNagasaki muna Nyamavhuvhu 1945 kwaive kumwe kwenjodzi huru dzevanhu munhoroondo yemazuva ano. Maguta maviri eJapan akaona kushandiswa kwekutanga nekwechipiri kwezvombo zvenyukireya muhondo, kwete kungopedza hupenyu husingaverengeki mumasekonzi mashoma chete asiwo kusiya migumisiro inogara kwenguva refu yezvirwere, kushungurudzika, uye kuparadzwa kwevanhu kwakagara kwemakumi emakore. Kusvika nhasi, njodzi iyi ichiri chiyeuchidzo chakajeka chenjodzi dzehondo nesimba rinoparadza rehunyanzvi hwezvombo.
Kumashure: Hondo Yenyika II uye Kusawirirana muPacific
Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi20, nyika yakaputirwa neHondo Yenyika II (1939-1945), iyo yakabatanidza nyika dzakawanda uye yakakonzera kufa kukuru. MuPacific, Japan yakabuda sesimba guru rehondo. Mushure mekurwisa Pearl Harbor musi wa7 Zvita 1941, Japan yakarwa zvakananga neUnited States. Kurwa muPacific kwaive kwakasimba, kwakaratidzwa nekutorwa kwezvitsuwa uye kufa kukuru kumativi ese.
Pakazosvika 1945, nzvimbo yeJapan yakanga yava kuramba ichiderera. Maguta mazhinji akanga aparadzwa nekubhombwa kwakajairika, nzira dzayo dzekushandisa dzakadzikiswa nekuvharirwa, uye kugona kwayo kwemaindasitiri kwakanga kuchidzikira. Zvisinei, Japan haina kuratidza zviratidzo zvekusazvipira pasina miganhu. Panguva iyi, United States yakatarisana netarisiro yekuti kupinda munyika yeJapan kwaizodhura mazana ezviuru zvemasoja nevanhuwo zvavo. Panyaya iyi, zvombo zvenyukireya zvaionekwa senzira yekumanikidza Japan kuti isazviise pasi nekukurumidza.
Chirongwa cheManhattan nezvombo zveNyukireya
Zvombo zvakadonhedzwa paHiroshima neNagasaki zvaive mugumisiro weManhattan Project, chirongwa chekutsvagisa chakavanzika cheUnited States chakatangwa muna 1942 kugadzira bhomba reatomu. Chirongwa ichi chaisanganisira masayendisiti anotungamira uye chakatsigirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Mushure mekuyedzwa kwekutanga kwenyukireya muNew Mexico Desert musi wa16 Chikunguru 1945 (Trinity Test), bhomba reatomu rakaonekwa serakagadzirira kushandiswa muhondo.
Sarudzo yekushandisa mabhomba eatomu yakabatana zvikuru nehurukuro dzetsika nedzehurongwa. Vamwe vaifunga kuti vaizokurumidzisa kuguma kwehondo uye kuderedza huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa muhondo yakareba. Zvisinei, vamwe vaiona kushandiswa kwezvombo izvi kurwisa maguta evanhuwo zvavo sekutyora mitemo yerubatsiro, sezvo simba razvo risingangogumiri pazvinangwa zvehondo chete.
Hiroshima: Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1945
Mangwanani emusi wa6 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, bhomba remuAmerica reB-29 rainzi Enola Gay rakadonhedza bhomba reatomu, rine zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "Little Boy," pamusoro peguta reHiroshima. Bhomba rakaputika mudenga, richiburitsa chiedza chikuru, kupisa kukuru, uye mafungu ekudengenyeka akaparadza zvivakwa munzvimbo yakakura.
Nenguva isipi, pakati peguta pakashandurwa kuita gungwa remoto. Vanhu vazhinji vakafa pakarepo nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya uye zvivakwa zvakaputsika. Zvimwe zviuru zvakatsva zvakanyanya, kupofu kwenguva pfupi kana kuti zvachose, uye kukuvara kubva muzvimedu zvematombo nekuputika. Hutano hwakanga hwava kurema: zvipatara zvakakuvara, vashandi vekurapa vakaurayiwa, uye mishonga yakanga isipo. Avo vakapona vaifanira kutambura pakati pekuparadzwa uku vasina mvura yakachena, chikafu chakakwana, uye pekugara.
Kufungidzirwa kwevanhu vakafa muHiroshima kwakakura kwazvo. Mabhuku mazhinji anoratidza kuti makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vakafa mushure mekuputika uku, uye nhamba yacho iri kuramba ichikwira mumavhiki akatevera nekuda kwekukuvara, hutachiona, uye kupiswa nemwaranzi.
Nagasaki: Nyamavhuvhu 9, 1945
Mazuva matatu gare gare, musi wa9 Nyamavhuvhu, 1945, bhomba rechipiri reatomu rakadonhedzwa paNagasaki. Bhomba iri, rine zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "Fat Man," raive nedhizaini yakasiyana. Chinangwa chekutanga chaive guta reKokura, asi nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka uye kusaonekwa zvakanaka, mabhomba eB-29 akatendeukira kuNagasaki.
Kuputika kwakaitika muNagasaki kwakakonzerawo kuparadzwa kukuru, kunyange hazvo nzvimbo yeguta—inosanganisira mipata nemakomo—yakaita kuti kuparadzwa kwacho kuve kushoma pane mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeHiroshima. Zvisinei, kuparadzwa uku kushoma hakuna kuderedza njodzi iyi. Zviuru zvakafa ipapo ipapo, uye makumi ezviuru akakuvara zvakanyanya. Sezvakaitika muHiroshima, vanhu vakaurayiwa vakaramba vachiderera mushure mezvo nekuda kwemwaranzi uye matambudziko ehutano.
Mhedzisiro yeMwaranzi: Mavanga Anogara Nguva Refu
Chinosiyanisa mabhomba eatomu nemabhomba ekare kwete simba rawo rekuputika chete, asiwo mwaranzi inoburitsa ionizing. Vazhinji vakapona pakuputika kwekutanga vakazosangana nezviratidzo zvavaisanzwisisa panguva iyoyo: kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, kubuda ropa, kurasikirwa nebvudzi, fivha yakanyanya, uye immune system isina simba. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sechirwere chemwaranzi chinorwadza.
Mukufamba kwenguva, vakapona—vanozivikanwa muJapan sehibakusha—vanotarisana nenjodzi yakakura yekubatwa nekenza, leukemia, nezvimwe zvinetso zvehutano. Vazhinji vanosanganawo nematambudziko epfungwa: kushungurudzika, kuora mwoyo, uye kusuruvara kukuru nekuda kwekurasikirwa nemhuri. Uyezve, hibakusha inowanzosangana nekusarurwa munharaunda, sekuomerwa nekuwana basa kana vadikani, nekuda kwekunyadziswa kwekuti "vakasvibiswa" kana kuti vachabereka vana vanorwara.
Japan Inozvipira Uye Kuguma kweHondo
Mushure mekunge mabhomba maviri adonhedzwa, mamiriro ezvinhu eJapan akawedzera kuipa. Musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 1945, Mambo Hirohito akapa hurukuro achizivisa kugamuchira kweJapan Chiziviso chePotsdam uye kuzviisa pasi. Kuzviisa pasi kwepamutemo kwakasainwa musi wa2 Gunyana 1945, zvichigumisa Hondo Yenyika II.
Zvisinei, munhaurirano dzenhoroondo, zvikonzero zvekukanda mapfumo pasi kweJapan zvichiri kukakavadzana. Kunze kwekubhombwa kweatomu, zvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita sekupinda kweSoviet Union munzvimbo dzaitongwa neJapan, zvakawedzerawo kumanikidzwa kukuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, hazvirambike kuti kubhombwa kwenyukireya kwakaunza kushamisika kukuru kwepfungwa uye kwehurongwa.
Ndangariro, Zvidzidzo, uye Nyevero dzeNyika
Hiroshima neNagasaki hazvisi zviratidzo zvenhoroondo chete, asiwo zviratidzo zvengozi dzezvombo zvinoparadza vanhu vakawanda. Mumaguta ese ari maviri, zviyeuchidzo, mamiziyamu, nemapaki ekurangarira zvakaitwa kuti zvirangarirwe vanhu vakaurayiwa uye kudzidzisa zvizvarwa zvinotevera. Gore rega rega, mhemberero dzekurangarira dzinoitwa kuti dzirangaridze kuti hondo inogona sei kuparadza vanhu nekukasika.
Njodzi iyi yakakurudzirawo kufamba kwepasi rose kwekubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Nyika yakazoona kuti kana zvombo zvakadaro zvikashandiswa zvakanyanya, kuparadzwa kwacho kwaisazokanganisa guta rimwe chete kana maviri chete asi kwaigona kutyisidzira kupona kwehupfumi. Pasinei neizvi, nyika dzakawanda dzichiri nezvombo zvenyukireya, zvichiita kuti Hiroshima neNagasaki zvive chiyeuchidzo chakakosha chenjodzi dzehondo huru.
Penutup
Zviitiko zvinosuwisa zvekubhomba kweHiroshima neNagasaki zvakachinja nhoroondo, zvichiratidza kuti kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji pasina kudzora tsika kunogona kutungamira kunjodzi isingafungidzike. Mumasekondi mashoma, makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vakafa; kwemakumi emakore, avo vakasara vakatsungirira mavanga emuviri nepfungwa. Kuyeuka njodzi iyi hazvirevi kuti tinofanira kugara tichifunga nezvezvakapfuura, asi kuti tinofanira kudzidza kubva mairi kuitira kuti remangwana risadzokorore zvikanganiso zvakafanana. Hiroshima neNagasaki zvinotidzidzisa kuti rugare harusi sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika chete asi chinhu chinodiwa nevanhu.
