Kukosha kweCongress yeVienna muNhoroondo yeEurope
Musangano weVienna, wakaitwa kubva munaGunyana 1814 kusvika Chikumi 1815, waive mumwe wemisangano yakakosha munhoroondo yeEurope. Vachikurudzirwa nekukundwa kwaNapoleon Bonaparte, musangano uyu waive nechinangwa chekudhirowa patsva mepu yezvematongerwo enyika yeEurope uye kugadzira hurongwa hutsva hwaizodzivirira kondinendi kubva mukukakavadzana mune ramangwana. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora kukosha kweMusangano weVienna uye kukanganisa kwaunogara kwenguva refu munhoroondo yeEurope.
Nhoroondo yeCongress yeVienna
Tisati tanyatsoongorora zvakabuda muCongress yeVienna, zvakakosha kunzwisisa nhoroondo yakaitika. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Europe yakanga iri mumatambudziko nekuda kweFrench Revolution nehondo dzakatungamirirwa naNapoleon Bonaparte. Mushure mekukunda kwemauto akawanda, Napoleon akatonga chikamu chikuru chenyika yeEurope. Zvisinei, kuramba achienderera mberi kwemamwe masimba eEurope kwakazoguma kwaita kuti adzorerwe uye pakupedzisira akunde. Hondo yeSixth Coalition yakagumisa kutonga kwaNapoleon muEurope muna 1814, uye vatungamiriri veEurope vakakurumidza kuona kudiwa kwenzvimbo yekukurukura maitiro ekuvakazve nekugadzirisa kugadzikana kunogara kwenguva refu.
Zvinangwa Zvikuru zveCongress yeVienna
Vatungamiriri vekuEurope vakaungana muVienna havana kungovavarira kudzoreredza miganhu yenyika kumamiriro avakanga vari vasati vatanga chimurenga nehondo dzaNapoleon. Vakatsvagawo kugadzira hurongwa hwaizodzivirira Europe kuti isasangane nematambudziko makuru mune ramangwana. Zvimwe zvezvinangwa zvikuru zveCongress of Vienna zvaisanganisira:
1. Kudzorerwa kweUmambo: Kudzoreredza madzimambo ehumambo akabviswa pachigaro panguva yeChimurenga cheFrance nenguva yaNapoleon.
2. Kugadzira Kuenzana Kwesimba: Kugadzira miganhu yenyika nenzira yekuti hapana nyika imwe chete ine simba rakakwana rekutyisidzira kugadzikana kweEurope.
3. Kuva Nemutemo: Kusimbisa kodzero dzehumambo sehurumende iri pamutemo nekusimbisa pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinotevedzwa nemutemo zvinotevedzwa nemutemo.
4. Kuchengetedza: Kuramba chimurenga nepfungwa dzinoonekwa sedzakakura nevakuru vakuru vekuEurope.
Vatori Vechikamu neVatungamiriri veCongress
Musangano weVienna wakapindwa nevamiriri vanobva kumatunhu makuru eEurope, vamwe vavo vakaita basa guru mukukurukurirana uku. Vanhu vakakosha vaisanganisira:
– Klemens von Metternich wekuAustria, anozivikanwa semugadziri mukuru wehurongwa hutsva hweEuropean hwekuchengetedza tsika.
– Charles Maurice de Talleyrand wekuFrance, uyo, kunyangwe nyika yake yakanga ichangobva kukundwa, akakwanisa kuita basa rakakosha mukudyidzana kwenyika.
– Alexander I wekuRussia, uyo aive nezvinangwa zvikuru kuEastern Europe.
– Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh wekuGreat Britain, uyo akatarisa pakuenzana kwesimba uye kudzivirira hutongi humwe chete muEurope.
– Karl August von Hardenberg wekuPrussia, uyo akashandisa dare reparamende kuwedzera simba rePrussia.
Mhedzisiro yeCongress
Musangano weVienna wakaburitsa sarudzo dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzakachinja mepu yezvematongerwo enyika yeEurope. Heano mamwe eshanduko huru nezvibvumirano zvakabuda mumusangano uyu:
Kupatsanurwa kweMatunhu
– Netherlands: Yakabatana neBelgium kuti iumbe United Kingdom yeNetherlands, nechinangwa chekuumba nyika yakasimba yekudzivirira kuchamhembe kweFrance.
– Germany: German Confederation yakaumbwa, ine nyika makumi matatu nepfumbamwe dzakazvimiririra pasi pehutungamiriri hweAustria, senzvimbo yeHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma hwakaparadzwa naNapoleon muna 1806.
– Italy: Italy yakaramba yakakamurwa kuita humambo hudiki hwakati wandei, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha dzakadai seVenice neLombardy dzakapihwa kuAustria.
– Norway neSweden: Nyika mbiri idzi dzakabatana pasi peumambo humwe chete.
– Poland: Humambo hwePoland (Congress Poland) hwakaumbwa, hwaive mukubatana kwemunhu neRussia.
Kuenzana kweSimba
Musangano weVienna wakaedza kugadzira simba rakaringana raizochengetedza rugare muEurope. Nechinangwa ichi, matunhu akati wandei akasimbiswa uye miganhu yenyika yakadhirowa patsva kudzivirira chero nyika imwe chete kuti isave nesimba rakawanda. Semuenzaniso:
- Great Britain yakawana makoroni akakosha akawanda kunze kweEurope, zvichisimbisa chinzvimbo chayo sesimba guru remugungwa.
- Austria haina kungowana nzvimbo muItaly chete asiwo yakasimbisa chinzvimbo chayo chikuru muCentral Europe.
- Prussia yakawana nzvimbo kumadokero pedyo neFrance, mukuedza kumisa kuwedzera kweFrance mune ramangwana.
Mibatanidzwa neMisangano
Dare reCongress reVienna rakasainawo zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvekubatana kutsigira hurongwa hutsva uhwu, chimwe chazvo chaive Chibvumirano Chitsvene pakati peAustria, Russia, nePrussia, icho chaive nechinangwa chekurwisa pfungwa dzechimurenga nekutsigira umambo.
Mhedzisiro Yenguva Refu
Musangano weVienna wakasiya nhaka yakakura uye inogara kwenguva refu munhoroondo yeEurope. Kunyangwe sarudzo dzayo dzakawanda dzakavakirwa pamisimboti yekuchengetedza tsika uye kudzorerwa kweumambo, zvimwe zvinhu zvemusangano uyu zvichiri kukosha uye zvakachinja mafambiro ezviitiko zvakazoitika muEurope.
Kugadzikana uye Rugare
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakanganiswa neCongress of Vienna kwaive kuumbwa kwenguva yerunyararo muEurope inozivikanwa se "Age of Metternich" kana kuti "Pax Britannica," iyo yakagara kusvika pakatanga Hondo yeCrimea muna 1853. Kunyangwe paive nekukakavadzana kudiki, hapana hondo huru dzaibatanidza masimba makuru eEurope dzakaitika munguva iyi.
Rudzi Rwevanhu neChimurenga
Zvisinei, maitiro ekuchengetedza uye ekudzoreredza eCongress of Vienna akadyarawo mbeu yekusagutsikana iyo yakazopedzisira yakonzera shanduko huru. Zvishuwo zverudzi nerusununguko zvakaregeredzwa neCongress zvakaonekwazve muChimurenga che1830 ne1848 muEurope yese.
Pfungwa yeKuenzana kweSimba
Pfungwa yekuenzana kwesimba yakasimudzirwa neCongress of Vienna yakava hwaro hwemutemo wezvekunze weEurope muzana remakore rechi19. Yakabatsira kudzivirira kubuda kwenyika imwe chete inotonga yaigona kukonzera kusawirirana kukuru.
Kuumbwa kweNyika Itsva
Kusagutsikana nehurongwa hweVienna kwakabatsirawo mukubatana kweItaly neGermany muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Kunyangwe hazvo gungano rakaedza kuramba rakapatsanurwa, kushingaira kwerudzi kwakapedzisira kwakurudzira sangano rekubatana iro rakabudirira kuumba Umambo hweItaly neGermany.
Mhedziso
Musangano weVienna waive chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yeEurope. Kunyangwe sarudzo dzayo dzakawanda dzaive dzakavakirwa pamisimboti yekuchengetedza uye chishuwo chekudzoreredza hurongwa hwekare, musangano uyu wakabudirira mukugadzira nguva yekugadzikana kwakagara kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi mana. Zvisinei, kusagutsikana nezvibvumirano zvakabuda zvakakonzerawo shanduko huru nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Nhaka yeMusangano weVienna ichiri kukosha uye yakaumba zvinhu zvakawanda munhoroondo yemazuva ano yeEurope.
