Pesvedzero yeRoma paMutemo neHurumende yemazuva ano
Pendauluan
Nhoroondo inotaura kuti budiriro yeRoma yakasiya chiratidzo chakakura pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwemazuva ano, kusanganisira mutemo nehurumende. Umambo hweRoma, hwakagara kubva muzana remakore rechisere BC kusvika muzana remakore rechishanu AD, hwakasiya nhaka inokosha pasi rose. Kuburikidza nekuiswa kwemitemo kwakarongeka uye hurongwa hwehurumende hwakarongwa, Roma yakabudirira kusimbisa hwaro hwakasimba hwemutemo nehurumende munyika dzakawanda dzemazuva ano.
Mutemo weRoma uye Kunyorwa Kwemutemo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakapihwa neRoma munyika yanhasi ihurongwa hwayo hwemitemo. Mutemo weRoma, kana kuti "Ius Romanum," wakafukidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu uye wakapa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwemitemo munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope. Chinhu chakakosha mumutemo weRoma kwaive kunyorwa kwemutemo weRoma naMambo Justinian I muzana remakore rechitanhatu AD, unozivikanwa seCorpus Juris Civilis, kana kuti "Mutemo weVanhu." Kunyorwa uku kwaive nemitemo yakarongeka uye yakazara, ichifukidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semutemo wevanhu, mutemo wemhosva, mutemo wekutonga, uye mutemo wekutengeserana.
Mutemo weCorpus Juris Civilis wakazova hwaro hwemitemo yeEurope kwemazana emakore uye uchiri nesimba nanhasi. Mitemo yakawanda yemutemo yeEurope neLatin America yatora zvinhu zvakakosha kubva mumutemo weRoma. Kutaura zvazviri, mazwi emutemo akadai se "contractus" (chibvumirano), "obligatio" (chisungo), "delictum" (chisungo), uye "ius" (kurudyi) anobva muchiLatin uye achiri kushandiswa mumashoko emutemo emazuva ano.
Hurongwa hweHurumende yeRoma
Kunze kwemutemo, Roma yaivewo nepesvedzero huru pahurongwa hwehurumende dzemazuva ano. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakatanga kuitwa neRoma muhurumende yaive pfungwa yerepublic nedemocracy yevamiriri. MuRepublic yeRoma yekutanga (509–27 BC), hurongwa hwehurumende hwakavakirwa pamisimboti yedemocracy yevamiriri, umo vagari vaive nekodzero yekusarudza vamiriri vavo kuSeneti nemamwe magungano.
Dare reRoma reSeneti raive sangano rehurumende rine simba guru, richishanda sesangano remazano raive nevanhu vepamusoro nevakuru. Rakaita basa guru mukuita sarudzo dzehurumende, uye muenzaniso waro wakakurudzira masisitimu mazhinji eparamende emazuva ano pasi rose. Uyezve, pfungwa yemakonsori, achishanda semutungamiri ane masimba maviri ane mazwi mashoma, inoratidza musimboti wekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba anoshandiswa neveruzhinji vedemocracy nhasi.
Nheyo yeKutonga kweMutemo
Nheyo yekutonga kwemutemo inhaka yakakosha yeRoma uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhutongi hwemazuva ano. Mumutemo weRoma, mutemo ndiwo waive simba guru raitonga hupenyu hwevanhu nevezvematongerwo enyika, uye munhu wese, kusanganisira vakuru vehurumende, aizviisa pasi pawo. Nheyo iyi inosimbisa kuti mutemo ndiwo mudziyo mukuru wekuwana kururamisira nekugadzikana kwevanhu.
Munguva yazvino, musimboti wekutonga kwemutemo wave hwaro hwakakosha hwedemocracy nekutonga kwemutemo. Dare redzimhosva rakazvimirira, kutonga kwemutemo, nekodzero dzevanhu ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvakadzika midzi mutsika dzemutemo dzeRoma. Nyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, Germany, nedzimwe dzakawanda dzinopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemusimboti uyu mubumbiro remitemo yadzo nehurongwa hwematare.
Nheyo dzeMutemo Wechisikigo
Muhuzivi hwemutemo hweRoma, pfungwa yemutemo wechisikigo (jus naturale) yaive nesimba guru. Mutemo wechisikigo unoreva seti yemitemo yetsika inoonekwa seinoshanda kuvanhu vese, yakavakirwa pakufunga uye kufunga. Vazivi veRoma vakaita saCicero vakagadzira pfungwa yekuti mutemo wechisikigo waive sosi yepamusoro yemutemo inofanira kutungamira mitemo nemaitiro.
Misimboti iyi yemutemo wechisikigo yakava hwaro hwepfungwa dzemutemo nedzezvematongerwo enyika panguva yeKujekeswa uye yakashanda sehwaro hwedzidziso yekodzero dzevanhu. Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheUnited States neChiziviso cheKodzero Dzevanhu Chese zvakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nepfungwa idzi. Mutemo wechisikigo wakapa hwaro hwetsika dzekudzivirira kodzero dzemunhu nekushandiswa kweruramisiro iyo inoratidza hurumende yemazuva ano.
Pfungwa Yechokwadi Chepamutemo
VaRoma vakaunzawo pfungwa yekuva nechokwadi chemutemo, zvinoreva kuti mitemo inofanira kuva yakajeka, inofungidzirwa, uye yakajeka. Pfungwa iyi ine chinangwa chekupa chokwadi kuvanhu nemabhizinesi mukuita mabasa avo, vasina kusava nechokwadi chemutemo kunogona kukanganisa. Mumitemo yemazuva ano, kuva nechokwadi chemutemo ipfungwa inokosha inovimbisa dziviriro kubva pakudzvanyirira nekushandisa simba zvisina kunaka.
MuEurope, kuva nechokwadi chemutemo kwakatangwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemitemo yakanyorwa, kunyorwa kwemitemo, uye dzidziso ye stare decisis (mutemo wekutanga). Izvi zvakapa chimiro nekugadzikana kumutemo, zvichiita kuti vagari vanzwisise zviri nani uye vatevere mutemo. Kuva nechokwadi chemutemo kunoita kuti mutemo uve chishandiso chinoshanda chekutonga hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nehupfumi zvakaenzana.
Sisitimu yeKutonga neBurumende
VaRoma vakasiyawo nhaka yakasimba mukutonga nehurongwa hwehurumende. Umambo hweRoma hwaizivikanwa nehurongwa hwahwo hwekutonga hwakarongeka uye hune hunyanzvi, hwaisanganisira zvese kubva pamitero nemauto kusvika pakutarisira maguta nemapurovhinzi. VaRoma vakaunza hurongwa hwakajeka uye kupatsanurwa kwevashandi, zvichibvumira hurumende yavo kuti irambe yakagadzikana uye ichishanda zvakanaka kunyangwe yaitonga nzvimbo yakakura.
Hurongwa hwekutonga hweRoma hwakashanda semuenzaniso kuhurumende zhinji dzemazuva ano. Hurongwa hwehurumende hunoshanda zvakanaka uye hwakarongeka hwakakosha pakutonga kwakanaka uye kupindura kune zvinodiwa neveruzhinji. Nyika zhinji, kusanganisira United States, Europe, neAsia, dzakatora misimboti iyi yekutonga mukuvaka maumbirwo ehurumende dzavo.
Penutup
Kupesvedzera kweRoma pamitemo yemazuva ano nehurumende chiratidzo chekuti tsika dzekare dzinogona sei kupa nhaka inokosha inogara kwenguva refu. Kubva pahurongwa hwemitemo hwakaoma kusvika panheyo dzedemocracy inomiririra, kubva pakutonga kwemutemo kusvika pakutonga kwakanaka, nhaka yeRoma inoramba ichiumba hwaro hwehurongwa hwakawanda hwemitemo nehurumende munyika yanhasi. Nekunzwisisa nekuonga nhaka iyi, tinogona kuvaka nekuchengetedza hurongwa hwemitemo nehurumende hwakarurama, hunoshanda, uye hunoenderana nezvinodiwa nenzanga.
