Kuziva Nhoroondo yeUmambo hweSrivijaya: Shongwe yeKubwinya kweMaritime muSoutheast Asia
Humambo hweSrivijaya hwaive humwe hweumambo hukuru uye hwakakosha hwegungwa muSoutheast Asia, hwakatonga kubva muzana remakore rechi7 kusvika muzana remakore rechi14. Humambo hweSrivijaya hwakavakirwa muSumatra, Indonesia, hune simba rekutengeserana kwegungwa munzvimbo yeMalacca Strait, zvichibatanidza India, Southeast Asia neChina. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo, kubwinya nenhaka yeSrivijaya izvo zvakakanganisa budiriro munharaunda iyi.
Kutanga uye Kukura kweUmambo hweSrivijaya
Zita rekuti Srivijaya rinobva pamashoko maviri echiSanskrit: 'Sri', zvinoreva kupenya kana kupenya, uye 'Vijaya', zvinoreva kukunda. Saka, Srivijaya inogona kushandurwa se'Kukunda Kunobwinya.' Zvichibva pazvinyorwa nezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo kubva kuChina neIndia, Umambo hweSrivijaya hwakatanga kuzivikanwa muzana remakore rechi7 CE.
Umambo uhwu hwakabva kuboka revanhu vaitonga kutengeserana kwegungwa kumaodzanyemba kweSumatra, pedyo nePalembang yanhasi. Basa reSumatra rekubatanidza nzira dzekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda rakaita kuti ive nzvimbo yakakwana yesimba nehupfumi. Chimwe chezviratidzo zvekutanga iKedukan Bukit Inscription, yakawanikwa pedyo nePalembang uye yakanyorwa mugore ra683 CE, iyo inonyora nezvekuvambwa kweumambo namambo weSrivijaya ainzi Dapunta Hyang.
Kubwinya nesimba
Umambo hweSrivijaya hwakasvika pakakwirira pekukudzwa kwahwo muzana remakore rechi8 kusvika rechi10. Panguva iyoyo, Srivijaya yakava nzvimbo inokosha yekutengeserana netsika. Basa rayo semutongi wekutengeserana kwegungwa muSoutheast Asia rinokosha zvikuru. Srivijaya ndiyo yaitonga migwagwa yekutengeserana yezvinonhuwira, sirika nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha pakati peIndia neChina.
Pamusoro pebasa rayo rezvemari, Srivijaya yaivewo nesimba guru mukupararira kweBuddhism muSoutheast Asia. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzechiBuddha nemamongi kubva kuIndia neChina vakamira muSrivijaya kuti vadzidze nekudzidzisa chitendero ichi. Zvinyorwa zveNalanda kubva kuIndia zvinoratidza kuti Srivijaya yaive nehukama hwedzidzo neNalanda University, nzvimbo inozivikanwa yekudzidza chiBuddha muIndia.
Mauto aSrivijaya ane simba uye mauto emugungwa akaita kuti arambe aine simba pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura. Umambo hwacho hwaigara huchishandisa hunyanzvi hwekudyidzana nekuroorana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka uye kutonga nzvimbo dzahwakakunda. Nzvimbo dzesimba dzeSrivijaya dzakapararira muMalay Peninsula, Sumatra, West Java, uye kunyange Kalimantan.
Matambudziko uye Kudonha
Kukudzwa kwaSrivijaya kwakatanga kupikiswa muzana remakore rechi11. Chinhu chikuru chakaderedza simba reumambo uhwu kwaive kukwikwidzana nedzimwe nyika dzemugungwa dzakadai seMedang Kingdom yaive kuEast Java neChola kubva kuIndia. Muna 1025, mambo weChola, Rajendra Chola I, akatanga kurwisa Srivijaya zvikuru ndokupamba guta guru rePalembang. Izvi zvaive kurwadzisa kukuru hurongwa hwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika hweSrivijaya.
Chimwe chikonzero chekuderera kweSrivijaya kwaive kuchinja kwenzira dzekutengeserana dzemugungwa. Nekumuka kweMajapahit Empire muJava muzana remakore rechi13, vatengesi vazhinji vakatanga kutamira kune dzimwe nzira dzekutengeserana idzo dzakanga dzava kupfuura Java, zvichideredza kukosha kweStrait of Malacca, iyo yaive nhare huru yaSrivijaya.
Njodzi dzechisikigo dzakadai sekuputika kwemakomo anoputika uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze zvakabatsirawo pakuparara kwaSrivijaya. Pakupedzisira, muzana remakore rechi14, Umambo hweMajapahit hwakakunda zvasara zveSrivijaya, zvichiratidza kuguma kwesimba rayo sesangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakazvimirira.
Nhaka yaSrivijaya uye Simba Rake
Kunyange zvazvo Srivijaya yakazopedzisira yaparara, simba rayo rakanyanya kuSoutheast Asia. Mutsika, Srivijaya yakaita basa guru mukupararira kwechiBuddha munharaunda iyi. MaStupa nematemberi akawanikwa muSumatra neMalay Peninsula zvinoratidza simba guru rechiBuddha munguva yeSrivijaya.
Kwete izvozvo chete, Srivijaya akagara nhakawo tekinoroji yepamusoro yegungwa, kunyanya mukuvaka ngarava nekufamba. Ruzivo urwu rwakazopfuudzwa nemadzimambo egungwa anotevera akadai seMajapahit neMalacca Sultanate.
Zvakakoshawo kuti Srivijaya akaita basa guru mukuvaka network yekutengeserana mugungwa yeSoutheast Asia yaibatanidza tsika dzakasiyana-siyana nemagariro. Hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakatangwa neSrivijaya neChina, India, nedzimwe nyika hwakava hwaro hwekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose munharaunda iyi.
Tsvagiridzo Yemazuva Ano Nezvakawanikwa
Munguva yazvino, zvakawanikwa mumatongo uye tsvakiridzo yenhoroondo zviri kuramba zvichiburitsa zvimwe zvidimbu zvenhoroondo yaSrivijaya. Nzvimbo dzakadai seMuara Jambi, iyo yakazova temberi yechiBuddha uye chikoro, pamwe nezvinyorwa zvakawanda muSumatra nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza, zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehupenyu hwaSrivijaya nehurumende yake.
Zviri pachena kuti tsvakiridzo yakawanda inodiwa kuti iwane pachena hukuru hweHumambo hweSrivijaya. Kuvapo kwaSrivijaya kunoratidza kukosha kwekuchengetedza nekunzwisisa nhaka yedu yenhoroondo kuti tikoshese tsika dzedu dzakapfuma uye dzakasiyana-siyana.
Mukupedzisa, Humambo hweSrivijaya hwaive mbiru yekubwinya kwegungwa muSoutheast Asia, zvichisiya nhaka yetsika, hupfumi, uye tekinoroji ichiripo nanhasi. Pasinei nekuputsika kwahwo mazana emakore apfuura, simba raSrivijaya richiri pachena uye rinoramba riri chitubu chekukurudzira nekudada kwevanhu venharaunda iyi. Kuyeuka nekudzidza nhoroondo yaSrivijaya hakungowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu kwekare chete asiwo kunopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha nezvekukosha kwekutengeserana, diplomacy, uye tsika mukuvaka budiriro yakabudirira uye inoenderera mberi.
