Kuwa kweConstantinople uye Kuguma kweByzantium
Pendauluan
Constantinople, guta guru reUmambo hweByzantine, kana kuti Humambo hweRoma hwekuMabvazuva, raive nzvimbo yekubudirira kwemakore anopfuura chiuru. Humambo hwacho hwaizivikanwa nenhaka yahwo yakakura yetsika, kubudirira kwahwo kukuru muunyanzvi nekuvaka, uye kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaita kuti hukwanise kukunda matambudziko akawanda. Zvisinei, muna 1453, guta iri rakanaka rakakundwa neHumambo hweOttoman. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuguma kweHumambo hweByzantine uye kutanga kwenguva itsva munhoroondo yepasi rose.
Nhoroondo Yekare
Umambo hweByzantine hwakambodzikira kwenguva yakareba husati hwadonha muna 1453. Muzana remakore rechi11 nerechi12, hwakaramba hune simba uye hune simba, huchitonga nzvimbo huru dzeSoutheastern Europe neAsia Minor. Zvisinei, hondo dzakawanda dzakatevedzana muzana remakore rechi13 nerechi14, kusanganisira Hondo yeChina yeHondo yeRoma yakazoguma nekutorwa kweConstantinople nevaLatin muna 1204, dzakasiya umambo hwacho hwakaparadzana uye husisina simba. Kukundwa kwakatevedzana uye kurasikirwa nenzvimbo kwakadzikisa simba rahwo rekuunganidza zviwanikwa nekuchengetedza mauto akasimba.
Panguva iyi, Umambo hweOttoman hwakatanga kubuda sesimba guru munharaunda iyi. Vachitungamirirwa nemadzimambo ane chido uye akangwara, maOttoman akatanga kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo, vachikunda guta neguta, vachizosvika pamasuo eConstantinople. Sultan Mehmed II, anozivikanwa saMehmed the Conqueror, akakwira pachigaro cheumambo achiri mudiki uye akakurumidza kutarisisa zvinangwa zvake pakukunda guta iri rine mukurumbira.
Kukomba uye Kuwa kweConstantinople
Musi wa6 Kubvumbi, 1453, Mehmed II akatanga kurwisa Constantinople zvakanyanya. Kukomba uku kwakatora mwedzi inoda kusvika miviri uye kwaisanganisira nzira dzehondo dzakaoma uye tekinoroji yemazuva ano yenguva iyoyo, kusanganisira kushandisa zvombo zvikuru zvakagadzirwa neinjiniya wekuHungary Urban. Zvipfuti izvi zvaikwanisa kupwanya masvingo eguta aizivikanwa kuti akasimba, zvichiparadza masvingo eByzantine.
Kunyange zvazvo Constantine XI, mambo wekupedzisira weByzantium, nevagari veguta vakazvidzivirira zvakasimba, vaiva vashoma uye vasinganyanyi kurwiswa. Mauto eOttoman akadzivirira chiteshi cheguta zvakanaka, ukuwo mauto avo epasi akaramba achipwanya dziviriro dzaiva dzisina simba. Pakupedzisira, musi wa29 Chivabvu, 1453, mauto eOttoman akasvika pakati peguta. Mambo Constantine XI akaurayiwa muhondo. Kuwa kweConstantinople kwakanga kusiri kungoparadzwa kweguta chete, asiwo kwairatidza kuguma kwehupfumi hukuru.
Migumisiro yeKuwa
Kuwa kweConstantinople kwakakanganisa zvikuru pasi rose munzvimbo dzakawanda:
1. Zvematongerwo enyika nemauto: Humambo hweOttoman hahuna kungobudirira chete mukutora guta iri rine chinangwa, asi hwakasimbisawo chinzvimbo chahwo sesimba guru muSoutheastern Europe neAsia Minor. Izvi zvakagadzira nzira yekuwedzera muEurope uye zvakavapa simba rekutonga nzira dzekutengeserana dzakakosha.
2. Tsika neSainzi: Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzeByzantine dzakatizira kuMadokero, dzichitora manyoro ekare neruzivo rwekare rwakanga rwakachengetedzwa neUmambo hweByzantine. Izvi zvakakonzera Renaissance muWestern Europe.
3. Hupfumi: Nekudzora Constantinople, maOttoman akadzorawo nzira dzekutengeserana pakati peAsia neEurope. Izvi zvakaita kuti vaEurope vatsvage dzimwe nzira, izvo zvakazopedzisira zvaita kuti pave nenguva yekuongorora nekufambisa ngarava nemaPutukezi nemaSpanish.
4. Chitendero: Kuwa kweConstantinople kwakawedzerawo kupatsanurana pakati pechiKristu chekuMabvazuva (Orthodox) nechechi yeWestern (Catholic). Kunyangwe pakanga paine kupatsanurana kwepamutemo kubvira paGreat Schism ya1054, kuwa kweguta dzvene nekutsiviwa kwaro neutongi hwechiMuslim kwakawedzera divi idzva kuhukama hwairamba huchikura pakati pemapazi maviri makuru echiKristu.
Nhaka yeByzantine
Kunyangwe Umambo hweByzantine hwakaparara, nhaka yahwo yakaramba iripo. Pasi pesimba reByzantine, hunyanzvi nezvivakwa zvakabudirira, nemifananidzo yakasiyana yechiKristu cheOrthodox nezvivakwa zvakanaka zvakaita seHagia Sophia zvichiripo seuchapupu hwekubwinya kwayo kwekare. Kupona kweChechi yeEastern Orthodox chikamu chakakosha chenhaka yeByzantium, kunyangwe nzvimbo zhinji dzaimbove pasi payo dzakachinja.
Pfungwa nezvinyorwa zvenyanzvi dzeByzantine zvakaramba zvichipesvedzera nyika. Mafungiro eByzantine, dzidziso dzechitendero, uye magwaro emutemo zvakapa hwaro hwekufambira mberi kwedzidzo muWestern Europe. Panguva iyi, pfungwa dzehondo nedzekutonga dzakagadzirwa neByzantium dzakaramba dzichidzidzwa uye dzichishandiswa nemadzimambo nemadzimambo akazotevera.
Penutup
Kudonha kweConstantinople nekuguma kweHumambo hweByzantine muna 1453 kwaive chiitiko chikuru chenhoroondo. Kwakanga kusiri kungova kumwe kwekukunda kwakawanda munhoroondo, asi kuchinja kwakachinja mafambiro ebudiriro yepasi rose. Kubva pamaonero ezvematongerwo enyika nehondo, kuchinja kwesimba kubva kuByzantium kuenda kuHumambo hweOttoman kwakaratidza kuguma kwenguva yegoridhe yekare uye kutanga kwenguva yemazuva ano.
Mukudzidza chiitiko ichi, tinoyeuchidzwa nezvemasimba enhoroondo anochinja-chinja. Kuwa kweConstantinople kunotidzidzisawo nezvekusimba kwetsika uye kukanganisa kwenguva refu kwetsika huru. Kunyangwe guta neumambo zvakapera kare, zviratidzo zvavo zvichiri kuonekwa uye kunzwiwa mumativi mazhinji enyika yedu yanhasi.
