Hupenyu neDzidziso dzaSocrates
Pendauluan
Socrates mumwe wevazivi vakakurumbira munhoroondo yevanhu. Aigara muGreece yekare kunenge muzana remakore rechishanu BC uye anozivikanwa sababa veuzivi hwekuMadokero. Kuburikidza nedzidziso dzake dzakasiyana uye nzira dzake, Socrates akapesvedzera zvikuru kukura kwepfungwa netsika dzevanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichanyatsoongorora hupenyu hwake nedzidziso dzake, maitiro aakaita pakutsoropodzwa, uye nhaka yaakasiya.
Hupenyu hwaSocrates
Socrates akazvarwa muna 469 BC muAlopeke, musha mudiki uri pedyo neAthens, Greece. Baba vake, Sophroniscus, vaive muvezi wemifananidzo, uye amai vake, Phaenarete, vaive nyamukuta. Mhuri yake yaive yeboka repakati nepakati reAthens. Pasinei neizvi, Socrates akakwanisa kuwana dzidzo yakanaka, achidzidza mitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakadai sekutaura, uzivi, uye hunyanzvi hwemauto.
Socrates akaroora Xanthippe ndokubereka vana vatatu. Pasinei nehupenyu hwake huri nyore uye kazhinji kacho asina zvinhu zvekushandisa, Socrates akaramba akazvipira kutsvaka kwake ruzivo. Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza nezvaSocrates ndechekuti haana kumbobvira anyora chero mabhuku euzivi muhupenyu hwake. Zvizhinji zvatinoziva nezvake zvinobva kuvadzidzi vake, kunyanya Plato naXenophon, avo vakanyora dzidziso dzake nehurukuro dzake.
Nzira yeDialectical
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabatsira Socrates yaive nzira yake yekudzidzisa, iyo yava kuzivikanwa seDialectical Method kana kuti Socratic Method. Iyi inzira yekukurukurirana umo mapato maviri anobatanidzwa muhurukuro yakanangana nekutsvaga chokwadi kuburikidza nemibvunzo nemhinduro. Socrates akashandisa nzira iyi kuongorora pfungwa kuburikidza nemibvunzo yakatevedzana yaitungamirira vadzidzi vake kana vaimutaurira kuti vafunge zvakadzama uye zvishoma nezvishoma vawane ruzivo rwakadzama.
Nzira iyi inokurudzira kutsvaga ruzivo, uchenjeri, nechokwadi mukati. Socrates aitenda kuti uchenjeri hwechokwadi hunobva mukubvuma kusaziva kwemunhu. Chirevo chakakurumbira chinowanzotaurwa nezvake ndechekuti "Ndinoziva kuti handizivi." Pfungwa iyi haisi kungobvuma zvausingakwanisi kuita, asi danho rekutanga mukutsvaga uchenjeri hwechokwadi.
Tsika neMaitiro
Dzidziso dzaSocrates dzakanyanya kusimbisa tsika nemagariro evanhu. Aitenda kuti ruzivo neuchenjeri hazvingobatsiri vanhu chete asiwo nzanga. Imwe yenheyo huru dzedzidziso dzake ndeyekuti hunhu ndiyo mhando yepamusoro yeruzivo. Nemamwe mashoko, kuti uve munhu akanaka zvechokwadi uye ane tsika, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa nekushandisa nheyo dzehunhu muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Socrates aitendawo kuti munhu wese ane mweya wakanaka unonyatsoziva zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Zvisinei, tinowanzo kanganiswa nemamiriro edu ezvinhu kana zvishuwo zvedu, zvichititungamirira munzira dzakatipoteredza. Nokudaro, kufungisisa nekukurukurirana kunoramba kuripo inzira dzekugadzirisa mweya yedu kune hunhu hwakanaka.
Kutongwa uye Kuurayiwa
Kunyangwe aive nevadzidzi vakawanda nevateveri, dzidziso dzaSocrates hadzina kugamuchirwa nevanhu vese muAthens. Muna 399 BC, Socrates akatongwa achipomerwa mhosva yekukanganisa pfungwa dzevechidiki uye kusatenda munamwari weguta sezvaizivikanwa nehurumende. Kupomerwa uku kwaibva kuvanhu vane simba vainzwa kutyisidzirwa nemaonero aSocrates ekutsoropodza mamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye mararamiro avo.
Mudare, Socrates akazvidzivirira neushingi uye nechivimbo. Akati haana kumbobvira aparadzira dzidziso dzenhema uye kuti dzidziso dzake dzeuzivi dzaive dzekubatsira vanhu vekuAtene. Zvisinei, kuzvidzivirira kwake hakuna kubudirira, uye akawanikwa aine mhosva. Sechirango, Socrates akatongerwa rufu nekunwa hemlock ine chepfu.
Nhaka yaSocrates
Kunyange hazvo Socrates asina kusiya mabasa akanyorwa, vadzidzi vake, vakaita saPlato naXenophon, vakaita basa guru mukuchengetedza dzidziso dzake. Kuburikidza nehurukuro dzaPlato, kunyanya idzo dzairatidza hurukuro pakati paSocrates nevadzidzi vake kana vaitaura naye, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani dzidziso dzake nenzira dzekufunga. Nhaurirano idzi hadzingotsananguri pfungwa dzehuzivi chete asiwo dzinoratidza hunhu hwaSocrates.
Imwe yehurukuro dzaPlato dzakakurumbira i "Apology," iyo inoratidza kuzvidzivirira kwaSocrates mudare. Nhaurirano iyi inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro peushingi hwaSocrates hwetsika uye kuvimbika kwepfungwa. Uyezve, mamwe mabasa aPlato, akadai se "Phaedo," iyo inotsanangura mazuva ekupedzisira aSocrates, inopa ruzivo pamusoro pemaonero ake pamusoro perufu uye kusafa kwemweya.
Pesvedzero paUzivi hweKumadokero
Hazvirambiki kuti Socrates aive nesimba guru pauzivi hwekuMadokero. Mudzidzi wake, Plato, akaenderera mberi netsika yekufunga kweSocrates ndokutanga Academy muAthens, iyo yakazova imwe yezvikoro zvekutanga zvedzidzo munyika dzekuMadokero. Kuburikidza neAcademy iyi, dzidziso dzaSocrates dzakaparadzirwa uye dzakafuridzira vamwe vafungi vakawanda, kusanganisira Aristotle, uyo akazova mudzidzi waPlato uye akapa pfungwa huru kuhuzivi nesainzi.
Uyezve, nzira yeSocratic Dialectical inoumba hwaro hwakakosha mukufunga uye nzira yesainzi. Maitiro ekubvunza mibvunzo nekutsanangura anoshandiswa kwete muuzivi chete asiwo mudzidzo, mutemo, uye sainzi yemagariro evanhu. Izvi zvinoumba hwaro hwenzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko yakavakirwa pakuongorora nekutsanangura uye hurukuro inovaka.
Mhedziso
Socrates munhu anoshamisa munhoroondo yeuzivi. Kuburikidza nehupenyu hwake hwakatsaurirwa kutsvaka chokwadi, tsika dzakanaka, uye hunhu hwakanaka, akasiya nhaka inokosha kuvanhu. Nzira yekutaura yaakaunza yakanga isiri nzira yekufunga chete asiwo mararamiro aisimbisa kukosha kwekuzvifungisisa, kutaurirana, uye kubvunza nguva dzose mukutsvaga ruzivo neuchenjeri.
Kunyangwe akatongwa ndokutongerwa rufu nekuda kwezvaaitenda nedzidziso dzake, mweya wake nepfungwa dzake zvinoramba zvichirarama kuburikidza nemabasa evadzidzi vake uye kuburikidza nepesvedzero yake pauzivi hwekumadokero. Socrates akatidzidzisa kuti huchenjeri hwechokwadi hahusi hwekuva nemhinduro dzese, asi hwekuva neushingi hwekuramba uchibvunza mibvunzo nekutsvaga chokwadi. Nhaka yake ipfungwa inogara iripo yezvizvarwa zvinotevera mukutsvaga kwavo zvinoreva uye chokwadi muhupenyu.
