Tsika neNhoroondo yeAmerica yeIndia
Izwi rekuti "American Indian" kana kuti "Native Americans" rinoreva vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vaigara muNorth America kare kare vasati vasvika vekuEurope. Kunyangwe vachiwanzotaurwa seboka rimwe chete, chaizvoizvo vanoumbwa nemazana emadzinza ane mitauro yakasiyana, tsika, maitiro ezvitendero, uye mararamiro. Kubva mumapani makuru eGreat Plains, masango ekuMabvazuva, magwenga ekuSouthwest, neArctic, nharaunda yega yega yakaumba tsika dzayo dzakasiyana. Kunzwisisa nhoroondo netsika dzemadzinza eAmerican Indian zvinorevawo kunzwisisa kushinga kwavo, kugona kwavo, uye kurwira kwenguva refu kutonga kwevagari vemuAmerica nekuchinja kwenguva.
Kusiyana-siyana kweMadzinza neMitauro
Vasati vasangana nevekuEurope, North America yaigara nharaunda hombe nediki dzakarongwa mumasangano, misha, kana mapoka evanogara mumaguta. Mamwe emadzinza anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira maNavajo (Diné), maCherokee, maLakota (Sioux), maApache, maIroquois (Haudenosaunee), maHopi, nemaInuit (kunyange zvazvo kazhinji vachikurukurwa zvakasiyana mutsika nematunhu). Vanotaura mhuri dzakasiyana dzemitauro, kusanganisira maAlgonquian, maIroquoian, maSiouan, maAthabaskan, uye maUto-Aztecan. Mutauro hausi nzira yekutaurirana chete, asiwo inyanzvi yekuziva, tsika, uye ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza rwakapfuudzwa muzvizvarwa.
Mararamiro uye Ukama Nezvisikwa
Tsika zhinji dzeNative American dzinosimbisa hukama hwakaenzana nezvisikwa. Nyika, mvura, mhuka, nemiti hazvisi zviwanikwa zvehupfumi chete asi chikamu chewebhusaiti yehupenyu hutsvene. MuGreat Plains, madzinza akadai seLakota neCheyenne akatevera nyati, achishandisa chikamu chese chemhuka chikafu, zvipfeko, matende (tipi), uye zvishandiso. KuSouthwest, maHopi neZuni vakagadzira nzira dzekurima chibage nekudiridza munzvimbo dzakaoma, vachigadzira mapurani akasimba epueblo kubva pamatombo nevhu. Panguva iyi, madzinza eNorthwest Coast akadai seTlingit neHaida akashandisa zviwanikwa zvemugungwa, kunyanya salmon, uye akagadzira kuveza matanda nehunyanzvi hwetotem.
Maitiro Emagariro Evanhu Nezvematongerwo Enyika
Marudzi mazhinji evaNative America aive nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakaoma. Sangano reIroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) rinowanzo kurukurwa semuenzaniso wehurumende yemubatanidzwa yakavakirwa pamisimboti yekukurukura nekumiririra. Maumbirwo avo emagariro evanhu aisanganisira madzinza, kazhinji emhuri yemurume nemukadzi, uko dzinza nedzimwe kodzero dzaipfuudzwa nedivi raamai. Vakadzi vakaitawo basa rakakosha munharaunda dzakawanda, kusanganisira kutarisira chikafu, kusarudza vatungamiriri, uye kuchengetedza tsika. Zvisinei, paive nekusiyana kukuru: mamwe mapoka aive nehurongwa hwakanyanya nemadzishe nemachinda, nepo mamwe aive akaenzana.
Kutenda, Hunhu Hwemweya, uye Mhemberero
Zvitendero zveNative American zvakasiyana-siyana, asi zvakawanda zvinosimbisa kunamata kuri muzvisikwa uye muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ngano dzekusika, midzimu yevarindi, uye tsika dzemitambo ndizvo zvakakosha muhupenyu hwenharaunda. PaMapani, mhemberero dzakadai seSun Dance dzinomiririra chibayiro, kucheneswa, uye kuvandudzwa kwemweya. KuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, kutamba kweHopi kachina kunobatanidzwa nemidzimu inoreverera inounza mvura uye kuenzana. Tsika dzinotaurwa—kuburikidza nenyaya, nziyo, nezviratidzo—dzinoshanda se“nzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu zvipenyu” inoita kuti ruzivo netsika zvipfuure pasina zvakanyorwa.
Unyanzvi, Unyanzvi, uye Kuratidza Tsika
Unyanzvi mutsika dzemuAmerica dzemuAmerica hahungori hwekunaka chete asiwo hunoshanda uye hune zvahunoreva. Kuruka kweNavajo kunozivikanwa nemapatani ako ejometri uye kunaka, nepo mabhena ePlains aishanda sechiratidzo chekuzivikanwa uye chinzvimbo munharaunda. Zviumbwa zvehari munharaunda yePueblo zvine tsika refu, zvinowanzoshongedzwa nemifananidzo ine chekuita necosmology. Kuvezwa kwehuni nemasiki munharaunda yeNorthwest Coast zvinoshandiswa mumhemberero nekusimbisa nhoroondo yemhuri. Mabasa mazhinji ehunyanzvi echinyakare anoshandawo senzira dzehupfumi, kunyanya sezvo nharaunda dzaifanira kuchinjika kuhurongwa hwemazuva ano hwemusika.
Nhoroondo Yekare Yokutaurirana neEurope
Vasati vatorwa, vanhu vekuAmerica vaifungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni, nenzvimbo dzekugara uye nzvimbo dzekutengeserana pakati pematunhu. Kusangana nevanhu vekuEurope, kwakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi15 uye kwakawedzera mumazana emakore akatevera, kwakaunza shanduko huru. Kuwedzera kune mhirizhonga nekurwira nharaunda, mhedzisiro yakaipa zvikuru yakabva kuzvirwere zvakaita sechikwekwe negwirikwiti, izvo zvakapararira nekukurumidza zvikauraya vagari vazhinji veko vasina dziviriro yezvirwere. Panguva imwe chete, pakava nekutsinhana kwezvinhu netekinoroji, kusanganisira bhiza, izvo zvakachinja hupenyu hwemadzinza ePlains, zvichiwedzera kufamba uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuvhima nyati.
Utongi hweColonial, Zvibvumirano, uye Kudzingwa Kwevanhu Nechisimba
Sezvo United States yakatanga kubuda, kuwedzera kwayo kumadokero kwakaita kuti pave nezvibvumirano zvakawanda zvakaputswa nehondo nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Zana remakore rechi19 raive nguva yerima yekumanikidzwa kudzingwa. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira yaive "Trail of Tears" muma1830, apo maCherokee nemamwe mapoka vakamanikidzwa kubva kumisha yavo yemadzitateguru kuSoutheast vachienda kuOklahoma ikozvino. Zviuru zvakafa nenzara, zvirwere, uye mamiriro ekufamba asina kunaka. Uyezve, mitemo yekuchengetera nzvimbo yakamanikidza madzinza mazhinji kugara munzvimbo dzakatarwa nehurumende, kazhinji kure nenyika dzavo dzechinyakare.
Zvikoro zveKunzwisisa uye Kurasikirwa neMutauro
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, mitemo yekubatana yakawedzera, nekutangwa kwezvikoro zvebhodhingi zvevana vekuAmerica. Munzvimbo zhinji, vana vakaparadzaniswa nemhuri dzavo, vakarambidzwa kutaura mitauro yavo yekuzvarwa, uye vakamanikidzwa kutora tsika dzaivepo. Mhedzisiro yacho yakagara kwenguva refu: kushungurudzwa kwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana, kurasikirwa nemitauro, uye kukanganiswa kwekutapurirana kwechinyakare. Zvisinei, pasinei nekudzvinyirirwa, nharaunda dzakawanda dzakaramba dzichiita tsika pachivande uye dzakazodzimutsiridza apo mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu akava akanaka.
Kukwira kweKurwira Kodzero dzeVanhu uye Kusimbiswa kweKuzivikanwa
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, mafambiro akabuda achida kuti kodzero, kuzvitonga, uye kuremekedza zvibvumirano zvizivikanwe. Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu vechiNative America kwakawedzera kuoneka munyaya dzevhu, dzidzo, uye manejimendi yezviwanikwa. Madzinza mazhinji akasimbisa hurumende dzemadzinza, akagadzira mapurogiramu ekuvandudza mitauro, uye akatanga mamiziyamu nenzvimbo dzetsika. Kuzivikanwa kwakava nzvimbo yekukurukurirana pakati petsika nemazuva ano: vamwe vanhu vemadzinza vaigara munzvimbo dzakachengetwa, vamwe mumaguta, asi vakaramba vakabatana kuburikidza nenharaunda, mhemberero, uye masocial network emhuri.
Tsika dzeAmerica dzeIndia munguva yemazuva ano
Nhasi uno, madzinza eNative America anotarisana nematambudziko nemikana. Matambudziko aya anosanganisira urombo hwemaumbirwo, mukana wekuwana hutano, uye kusawirirana kwenyika nemaindasitiri. Zvisinei, kune kuvandudzwa kwetsika kuburikidza nekudzidzisa mitauro, hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, mafirimu, mimhanzi, uye mabhuku anogadzirwa nevanyori veNative. Nharaunda dzakawanda dziri kusimbisazve pfungwa yekuzvitonga—kodzero yekutonga nyaya dzemukati, kuchengetedza tsika, uye kusarudza divi rebudiriro. Nzira dzemazuva ano dzedzidzo netekinoroji dziri kushandiswawo kunyora ngano, kudzoreredza mitauro, uye kuparadzira ruzivo rwenhoroondo kubva pamaonero eNative.
Penutup
Tsika nenhoroondo yeVanhu vekuAmerica inyaya dzekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana, kuva pedyo nezvisikwa, uye kusimba mukutarisana nekumanikidzwa kwehukoloni nekuvandudzwa. Haasi "zvisaririra zvekare," asi nharaunda dzinorarama, dzichiramba dzichichinja, uye dzichipa rubatsiro kutsika dzepasi rose. Kuzvinzwisisa zvinoreva kunzwisisa kuti North America yakaumbwa nevanhu vazhinji vane nhaka refu, uye kuti kururamisira kwenhoroondo kunogona kuwanikwa chete kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa, kuremekedza kodzero, uye mukana wekuti vanhu vekuAmerica vataure nyaya dzavo nemanzwi avo.
