Nyaya yeRwendo rwaMarco Polo kuenda kuChina
Pengantar
Marco Polo aive mufambi wekuVenice anozivikanwa zvikuru nerwendo rwake rwakakosha kuenda kuChina muzana remakore rechi13. Mafambiro ake haafi mubhuku rinonzi "Il Milione," rinozivikanwa zvikuru se "Mafambiro aMarco Polo." Bhuku iri harina kungopa ruzivo rushoma nezveAsia panguva iyoyo, asiwo rakakurudzira zvizvarwa zvevaongorori uye rakamutsa fungidziro yevakawanda muEurope nezvenyika iri kure uye inoshamisa.
Nhoroondo Yemhuri
Marco Polo akazvarwa muna 1254 muVenice, rimwe remaguta ane simba guru muItaly. Mhuri yake yaive vatengesi vanobudirira vaiwanzofamba-famba zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutengeserana. Baba vake, Niccolò Polo, nasekuru vake, Maffeo Polo, vaive vatengesi vakamboenda kuAsia, kusanganisira China.
Marco achiri mudiki, baba vake nasekuru vake vakatanga rwendo rurefu kuenda kuAsia muna 1260. Vakasvika kuChina vakasangana naKublai Khan, mambo wedzinza raYuan panguva iyoyo. Pavakadzokera kuVenice, Marco, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore angangoita gumi nemashanu chete, akatorwa mwoyo nenyaya dzavo dzenyika yakakura yekumabvazuva yakazadzwa nepfuma nemikana.
Rwendo rwekuenda kuChina
Muna 1271, Marco Polo akatanga rwendo rwake rukuru rwekuenda kuChina nababa vake nasekuru vake. Vakabva kuVenice ndokuenda kuAcre, guta rine chiteshi chengarava riri muPalestine yanhasi. Kubva ipapo, vakafamba vachipfuura nemuPersia (yava kunzi Iran) uye vachipfuura nemunzvimbo dzakaoma dzeCentral Asia.
Rwendo rwavo rwakatora makore matatu nehafu, vachipfuura nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvakaita semarenje asina chinhu, makomo marefu, uye mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa. Pakufamba kwavo, Marco Polo akanyora zvakadzama nezvetsika dzakasiyana-siyana, zvitendero, uye nzanga dzavakasangana nadzo. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakapa ruzivo rwakakosha rwaisazivikanwa zvakanyanya kunyika dzekuMadokero panguva iyoyo.
Kusvika paKublai Khan's Palace
Mushure mekufamba makiromita zviuru, vakazosvika padare raKublai Khan muKhanbaliq (zvino yava kunzi Beijing) muna 1275. Kublai Khan akavagamuchira neushamwari uye akafarira ruzivo nenyaya dzakaunzwa nemhuri yaPolo. Kutaura zvazviri, Kublai Khan akafadzwa zvikuru naMarco Polo zvekuti akagadzwa semumiriri wehurumende uye mumiriri aivimbwa naye kuti aite mabasa akasiyana-siyana akakosha mukati meumambo.
Munguva yebasa rake pasi paKublai Khan, Marco Polo akawana mukana wekushanyira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeumambo hukuru. Akafamba kunzvimbo dzakadai seYunnan kumaodzanyemba kweChina, Tibet, uye pamwe kunyange Burma (Myanmar) neIndia. Kucherechedza kwake zvakadzama nezvenzvimbo, hupfumi, uye hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu munzvimbo idzi kwakaita kuti nyika yekumadokero inzwisise Asia zvakadzama.
Mufananidzo weChina mu "Il Milione"
Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Il Milione," Marco Polo anopa tsananguro yakadzama yeChina nehupfumi hwayo. Pakati peizvi pane kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemari yemapepa, musiyano mukuru nehurongwa hwehupfumi hweEurope hwepanguva iyoyo, hwairamba huchidzorwa nekutsinhana mari yesimbi. Marco Polo anotsanangurawo Guta Risina Kurambidzwa, imba huru yeumambo yaishanda senzvimbo yehurumende uye imba yamambo.
Marco Polo akanyorawo matekinoroji nehunyanzvi hwaakasangana nahwo muChina, zvakaita sehupfu hwepfuti, kambasi, uye kudhinda. Akatsanangurawo masisitimu ekurima epamusoro-soro, migero yekudiridza, uye minda yekurima inobereka zvibereko. Tsananguro idzi dzakapa vanhu vekuEurope maonero matsva ekuti budiriro yeChina yakanga yafambira mberi uye yakabudirira sei panguva iyoyo.
Hupenyu Hwemagariro Netsika
Munguva yaaigara kuChina, Marco Polo akadzidzawo nezvetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzechiChinese. Akatsanangura hupenyu hwemagariro hwakavakirwa pamitemo yakasimba yeConfucian netsika. Mhemberero netsika dzechiChinese, kubva pamichato kusvika kumitambo, zvese zvakawana nzvimbo muzvinyorwa zvake.
Marco akaonawo zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zveChina, kusanganisira chiBuddha, chiTao, uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvitendero zvevanhu. Akafadzwa zvikuru nekushivirirana kwezvitendero kwaitsigirwa naKublai Khan, uyo akabvumira zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana kugara pamwe chete murunyararo pasi pehutongi hwake.
Pesvedzero uye Gakava
Mushure mekupedza makore anoda kusvika gumi nemanomwe muChina, mhuri yekwaPolo yakasarudza kudzokera kuVenice. Vakafamba nechikepe vachidzokera kumba, vachipfuura nenzvimbo dzakadai seSumatra, India, nePersia. Rwendo urwu rwekudzokera kumba rwakawedzera chimwe chitsauko munyaya yavo inoshamisa.
Marco Polo akazodzokera kuVenice muna 1295. Nguva pfupi adzoka, akatanga kukakavadzana pakati peVenice neGenoa uye akatorwa. Paakanga ari mujeri kuGenoa, akasangana nemunyori ainzi Rustichello da Pisa. Pamwe chete, vakatanga kuunganidza nhoroondo yekufamba kwaMarco Polo, iyo yakazozivikanwa se "Il Milione."
Bhuku iri, kunyange raive rakakurumbira zvikuru, rakakonzerawo gakava guru. Vazhinji muEurope vaive vasina chokwadi nezvechokwadi chenhoroondo dzaMarco Polo. Vaifunga kuti tsananguro dzeChina dzaive dzisinganzwisisike zvekuti hadzina kutendwa. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva uye ruzivo rwakawanda nezveAsia rwakamuka, nhoroondo dzakawanda dzaMarco Polo dzakaratidza kuti dzakarurama uye dzinokosha.
Nhaka yaMarco Polo
Nhaka yaMarco Polo, munhoroondo yekuongorora nzvimbo uye muhukama pakati peEast neWest, yakadzama. "Il Milione" yake yakava chinhu chikuru chinotaurwa nevaongorori vakaita saChristopher Columbus, avo vakafemerwa kutsvaga nzira yegungwa inoenda kuAsia. Uyezve, zvinyorwa zvaMarco Polo zvakapa ruzivo rwakadzama uye rwekutanga pamusoro pezvinhu zvehupenyu muAsia izvo panguva iyoyo zvaisazivikanwa zvakanyanya kune vekuMadokero.
Zvaakanyora zvakabatsirawo kuvhura mukana wekuchinjana tsika neruzivo pakati penyika dzekumadokero nedzekumabvazuva. Nanhasi, nyaya yaMarco Polo ichiri chiratidzo chekutsungirira kwevanhu, ushingi, uye kuda kuziva zvakawanda.
Zvakanyanya, mafambiro aMarco Polo chidzidzo mukukosha kwekunzwisisana uye ruzivo rwetsika dzakasiyana. Akaratidza kuti kunyangwe tingave tichibva kwakasiyana, tinogona kudzidza kubva kune mumwe nemumwe uye kukura pamwe chete.
Penutup
Nyaya yerwendo rwaMarco Polo kuenda kuChina inopfuura nyaya yezviitiko zvitsva. Inyaya yekuwana ruzivo nekunzwisisa. Kubva kuVenice kuenda kuChina uye kudzokazve, mafambiro ake akavhara musiyano uripo pakati peEast neWest, achipa ruzivo rwakakura mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Kusvika nhasi, Marco Polo achiri mumwe wevaongorori vane simba guru munhoroondo, uye nyaya yehupenyu hwake inoramba ichikurudzira vanhu pasi rese.
