Nguva yeKuchinja kweIndonesia muna 1998
Nguva yeReformation yeIndonesia ya1998 yaive imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yemazuva ano yeIndonesia. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuguma kwehurumende yaPresident Suharto yeNew Order kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu, zvichigadzira nzira yekuva nedemokrasi, kusimbiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye shanduko huru muhutongi hwenyika. Reformation yakanga isiri kungochinja hutungamiriri chete, asi shanduko yakarongwa yakakonzerwa nekuungana kwematambudziko ehupfumi, kusagutsikana kweveruzhinji, uye kuda kwehutongi hwakarurama uye hwakajeka.
Nhoroondo yekubuda kweReformation
Gore ra1998 risati rasvika, Indonesia yaive pasi pehutongi hweNew Order (1966–1998), hwaisimbisa kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kukura kwehupfumi. Pakutanga, mitemo yeNew Order yakabudirira mukuwedzera kukura kwezvivakwa, kudzvinyirira kukwira kwemitengo, uye kusimudzira kukura kwehupfumi zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, matambudziko akakomba akabuda: kuisa simba pamwe chete, kusadzora kweveruzhinji, maitiro ehuori, kudyidzana, uye kuremekedzana (KKN), kurambidzwa kwerusununguko rwekutaura, uye kutonga kwemauto muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kusagutsikana kweveruzhinji kwakawedzera sezvo kusawirirana kwevanhu kwakawedzera. Masangano mazhinji ehupfumi aidzorwa nemamwe mapoka ari pedyo nepakati pesimba. Panguva iyi, veruzhinji vakatarisana nezvirambidzo zvakasiyana-siyana: masangano evadzidzi aiongororwa, vezvenhau vaiongororwa, uye kushoropodzwa kwehurumende kwaiwanzokonzera kutyisidzirwa. Mamiriro aya akagadzira kusawirirana kwakaramba kuchikura kusvika kwawedzera zvakanyanya mukupera kwema1990.
Dambudziko remari ra1997–1998: zvikonzero zvikuru
Chinhu chikuru chakakurumidzisa kutanga kweReformation yaive dambudziko remari rekuAsia ra1997-1998. Mutengo wekuchinjana mari muRupiah wakadzikira, makambani mazhinji akatadza kubhadhara zvikwereti zvekunze, uye hurongwa hwemabhanga hwakasangana nedambudziko guru. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaitika pakarepo: mitengo yezvinhu zvekushandisa yakakwira, kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera, uye urombo hwakawedzera kuipa.
Dambudziko iri rezvehupfumi harina kungokanganisa simba rekutenga chete asiwo rakaparadza pamutemo weNew Order. Maitiro ehurumende akaonekwa seanononoka uye asina kushanda, nepo maitiro ehuori akaonekwa seanowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo rubatsiro nemikana yezvehupfumi zvainyanya kufarirwa nevanhu vepamusoro. Sezvo mamiriro ezvehupfumi aiwedzera kuipa, zvinodiwa neveruzhinji zvakachinja kubva pakungotsoropodzwa kwezvehupfumi kuenda kukuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mafungu ekuratidzira uye basa revadzidzi
Vadzidzi vakaita basa guru muboka reReformation. Makambasi akava nzvimbo dzekubatanidza mafambiro, vachimutsa nyaya dzedemocracy, kubviswa kwehuori, kubatana, uye chizivano (KKN), uye zvinodiwa kuti pave neshanduko mune zvematongerwo enyika. Kuratidzira kwakaitika mumaguta makuru akadai seJakarta, Yogyakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Medan, neMakassar. Chirevo chekuti "Reformation" chakava chiratidzo chekuramba hurongwa hunoonekwa sehudzvanyiriri.
Kusawirirana kwakawedzera apo kuratidzira kwakawedzera muna Chivabvu 1998. Vadzidzi vazhinji vaida kuti Mutungamiri Suharto abve pachigaro uye kuti pave neshanduko huru, kusanganisira sarudzo dzakasununguka uye dzakarurama. Kufamba uku kwakawana rutsigiro rwakakura rweveruzhinji, kusanganisira vazivi, vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vakatanga kutaura pachena.
Trisakti dambudziko uye May 1998 mhirizhonga
Chimwe chezviitiko zvakachinja pfungwa iTrisakti Tragedy musi wa12 Chivabvu 1998. Panguva iyoyo, kuratidzira kwevadzidzi paTrisakti University muJakarta kwakaguma nekupfurwa kwakauraya vadzidzi vana: Elang Mulia Lesmana, Hafidin Royan, Hendriawan Sie, naHeri Hertanto. Chiitiko ichi chakakonzera hasha dzeveruzhinji uye chakawedzera kumanikidzwa kuhurumende.
Nguva pfupi yakatevera, mhirizhonga huru yakatanga musi wa13–15 Chivabvu, 1998, muJakarta nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoverengeka. Mhirizhonga iyi yaizivikanwa nekupamba, kupisa, nechisimba, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nehupenyu nekukuvara kukuru. Zviitiko izvi zvakasiya vanga guru renhoroondo uye zvakakonzera dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika. Kusagadzikana kuri kuramba kuchiipa kwakawedzera kushaisa simba rutsigiro rwaSuharto, kunyangwe pakati peavo vaimbova nharembozha yesimba rake.
Suharto asiya basa, shanduko inotanga
Musi wa21 Chivabvu 1998, Mutungamiri Soeharto akazivisa kusiya basa rake. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri B.J. Habibie akabva asarudzwa kuva mutungamiri wenyika zvichienderana nebumbiro remitemo. Kuchinja uku kwakaratidza kutanga kweNguva yeReformation. Zvisinei, Reformation yakanga isiri basa rezuva rimwe chete. Yaiva nzira refu yekushandura mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nekuvaka masangano edemocracy ane hutano.
Hutongi hweHabibie hwakatora matanho ekutanga akakosha, akadai sekusunungura vamwe vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, kusunungura rusununguko rwevatori venhau, uye kuvhura nzvimbo yekuumbwa kwemapato matsva ezvematongerwo enyika. Mitemo iyi yakagadzira mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ane simba kupfuura munguva yakapfuura.
Chinangwa chikuru cheReformation
Kazhinji, shanduko ye1998 yakaunza zvirongwa zvikuru zvakati wandei:
1. Kusarudzwa kweDemocrat uye sarudzo dzakawanda dzakasununguka
Kugadziriswa uku kwakaita kuti pave nesarudzo dzakawanda dzinokwikwidzana. Sarudzo ya1999 ndiyo yaive yekutanga mushure meNew Order yaive nemapato akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika uye yakaitwa zvakasununguka.
2. Kubviswa kwehuori, kubatana pamwe chete uye chizivano
Kuda kubvisa huori, kudyidzana, uye chizivano ndizvo zvaive pakati peReformasi. Masangano akasiyana-siyana ekurwisa huori nemirau yakagadzirwa munguva yakatevera, kusanganisira kuumbwa kweKomisheni Yekubvisa Huori (KPK) muna 2002.
3. Rusununguko rwevatori venhau nerusununguko rwekufunga
Kugadziriswa uku kwakagumisa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekudzora mitemo uye kwakasunungura vezvenhau kuti vataure nezvenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzeveruzhinji pachena. Izvi zvakagadzira mamiriro akasiyana-siyana eruzivo, asi zvakare zvakakonzera matambudziko matsva akadai sekunyepedzera uye kupatsanurana.
4. Kugadziriswa kwemasangano uye kuganhurirwa kwesimba
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanikwa neReformation kwaive kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo ra1945, izvo zvakasimbisa hurongwa hwekuongorora nekuyera, kuganhurira nguva yemutungamiri wenyika, uye kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevagari.
5. Kupa masimba ekutonga kwematunhu akasiyana uye kuzvitonga kwematunhu
Hurumende yakaisa simba rekuzvitonga kwematunhu kuti ideredze kugadzwa kwesimba muJakarta. Matunhu akawana simba rakakura mukugadzira bhajeti, maitiro ehurumende, uye budiriro.
Mhedzisiro nematambudziko eReformation
Nguva yeReformation yakaunza kufambira mberi kwakawanda. Sarudzo dzakava dzedemocracy, kuchinjirwa kwesimba kwakaitika kuburikidza nenzira dzesarudzo, uye rusununguko rwevanhu rwakawedzera zvikuru. Veruzhinji vakava neushingi mukutaura kushoropodza, ukuwo vezvenhau vachiita sevarindi vemutemo weveruzhinji.
Zvisinei, shanduko yeReformation inosanganawo nematambudziko makuru. Huori hahuna kubviswa zvachose; kutaura chokwadi, hwave huchikura mumhando itsva padanho repakati neredunhu. Zvematongerwo enyika emari, kupatsanurana kwevanhu, uye kusawirirana kwezvido zvinhu zvakakombawo. Uyezve, kuedza kugadzirisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakapfuura kuchiri chirongwa chisina kugadziriswa, kusanganisira nyaya dzemhirizhonga nekusagadzikana munguva yekuchinja.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kuganhurirwa kwehurumende kunopa mikana yebudiriro yakaenzana, asi zvakare zvinounza matambudziko matsva akadai sekubuda kwe "madzimambo madiki" munzvimbo idzi uye kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwebhajeti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe shanduko yeReformation yakavhura nzvimbo yedemocracy, hunhu hwedemocracy iyoyo huchiri kuda kurwira kuripo.
Mhedziso
Nguva yeReformation yeIndonesia ya1998 yaive chiitiko chikuru chenhoroondo chakachinja nzira yenyika kubva muhurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwainyanya kutevedzera hudzvanyiriri kuenda kune hwedemocracy uye hwakavhurika. Kudonha kwaSuharto kwaisava kuguma kwehondo, asi kwaiva kutanga kwehurongwa hurefu hwekuvaka masangano ehurumende ane mutoro. Reformation yakapa mikana yekuti vanhu vabatanidzwe zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika, asi yakadawo mutoro wekuchengetedza democracy kubva pakudzokera shure. Nanhasi, mweya weReformation uchiri kukosha: kutsigira kururamisira, kubvisa huori, kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuona kuti simba rinoshanda pasi pehutongi hweveruzhinji.
