Kujekeswa kweEurope Nevanhu Vayo
Nguva yeKujekeswa, inozivikanwawo seKujekeswa, yaive nguva yakakosha munhoroondo yeEurope yakabva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi18. Nguva iyi yakaratidzwa nekuchinja kwepfungwa netsika kwaisimbisa kufunga, ruzivo, nekodzero dzemunhu. Kujekeswa kwakaunza shanduko kwete muuzivi nesainzi chete, asiwo mune zvematongerwo enyika, mutemo, uye nzanga. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura vanhu vakakosha vari shure kwekufamba uku uye mipiro yavo yakakosha.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeNguva yeKujekeswa
Nguva yeKujekeswa yakabuda semhinduro kuhudzvanyiriri hwechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika hwaitonga Europe mumazana emakore apfuura. Nguva yeRenaissance neKuchinja kweMapurotesitendi zvaive zvinhu zvakakosha, zvichigadzira nzira yekufunga kwakasununguka uye kwakatsoropodzwa. Panguva iyi, shanduko yesainzi yezana remakore rechi17, yakatungamirirwa nevanhu vakaita saGalileo Galilei naIsaac Newton, yakapa hwaro hwekuongorora uye hwakajeka hwenguva itsva iyi.
Nheyo dzeKujekeswa
Chinangwa chikuru cheEnlightenment kwaive kushandisa pfungwa dzevanhu kunzwisisa nekushandura nyika. Nheyo huru dzakakurudzirwa munguva ino dzinosanganisira:
1. Kufunga Nepfungwa: Kushandiswa kwekufunga senzira huru yekuwana ruzivo.
2. Kuedza kwechokwadi: Kushandiswa kweruzivo rwesainzi nekucherechedza zvinhu.
3. Kuzvimiririra: Kukosha kwekodzero dzemunhu mumwe nemumwe munharaunda.
4. Kusada zvechitendero: Kupatsanurwa kwechitendero kubva munyaya dzehurumende nesainzi.
5. Kufambira Mberi: Kutenda kuti vanhu vanogona kuzvivandudza nekuzvivandudza kuburikidza neruzivo nedzidzo.
Vanhu Vakakosha veEra yeKujekeswa
1. John Locke (1632-1704)
John Locke mumwe wevazivi vakakosha vane mafungiro avo akagadzira hwaro hwerusununguko rwemazuva ano. Basa rake guru, "Two Treatises of Government," rakasimudzira pfungwa yekodzero dzechisikigo dzakadai sehupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Locke akataurawo kuti hurumende dzinofanira kuumbwa kuburikidza nemvumo yevanhu uye dzine chisungo chekuchengetedza kodzero idzi dzechisikigo. Kana dzikakundikana, vanhu vane kodzero yekubvisa hurumende.
2. Voltaire (1694-1778)
Francois-Marie Arouet, anozivikanwa nezita rake rekunyora rekuti Voltaire, aive munyori, muzivi, uye mutsoropodzi wezvemagariro evanhu. Voltaire aizivikanwa nepfungwa dzake dzekusashivirira chitendero uye kutsoropodza kwakasimba kusashivirirana kwechitendero uye kusatendeseka kwezvematongerwo enyika. Mubhuku rake rakakurumbira, "Candide," Voltaire akaseka tariro isina maturo yevamwe vevanhu vepanguva yake uye akasimbisa kukosha kwerusununguko rwekufunga nekutaura.
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Rousseau aive munhu anofunga aiwanzosiyana nevamwe vafungi veEnlightenment. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "The Social Contract," akataura nezvepfungwa yehutongi hwevanhu nehurumende zvichibva pakuda kwevanhu vose. Rousseau aitenda kuti budiriro yakanga yakanganisa kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye akati vanhu vakanaka. Pfungwa dzake dzakapesvedzera dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika yemazuva ano nedzidzo.
4. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, anozivikanwa nebasa rake rinonzi "The Spirit of the Laws," umo akadzidza masisitimu akasiyana-siyana ehurumende uye akataura nezvepfungwa yekupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Montesquieu akataura kuti simba rinofanira kugoverwa pakati pemapazi ehurumende, eparamende, nematare edzimhosva kudzivirira hudzvanyiriri uye kuona kuti rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika ruchavepo.
5. Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
Diderot aive mumwe wevanhu vakakosha vakatsigira chirongwa che "Encyclopédie", chinangwa chikuru chekuunganidza nekuparadzira ruzivo kubva kumapoka akasiyana-siyana. Nevabatsiri vanosanganisira Voltaire naMontesquieu, Encyclopédie iyi yaive nechinangwa chekuparadzira pfungwa dzeKujekeswa uye kukurudzira nzanga yakadzidza uye ine pfungwa dzakanaka.
6. David Hume (1711-1776)
David Hume aive muzivi wekuScotland ane basa rekuongorora zvinhu rakaita serinopesvedzera zvikuru. Mubhuku rake, "A Treatise of Human Nature," Hume akashandisa nzira dzekuongorora zvinhu kuti anzwisise pfungwa dzevanhu, tsika, uye chitendero. Maonero ake ekusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvikonzero nechitendero ndiwo akaumba hwaro hwedzidzo yemazuva ano yeuzivi.
7. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Mumwe wevafungi vakuru mutsika dzekuMadokero, Immanuel Kant akabatanidza rationalism ne empiricism mubasa rake. Mu "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant akatsanangura kuti kufunga kwevanhu kunonzwisisa sei nyika nemiganhu yeruzivo. Slogan yake yakakurumbira, "Sapere aude" (Dare rekuziva), yakava mantra yeuzivi hwekujekeswa. Kant anozivikanwawo nedzidziso yake yetsika yakavakirwa pachirevo chechikamu.
Simba uye Mhedzisiro yeNguva yeKujekeswa
Simba reChiedza rakasvika kure uye rakabatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda. Pfungwa idzi dzakabatsira zvikuru mumasangano akaita seAmerican Revolution neFrench Revolution, ayo akasimudzira pfungwa dzekodzero dzevanhu nehurumende yedemocracy. Musainzi, Chiedza chakatanga nzira ine musoro uye yekuongorora yakava hwaro hwenzira yesainzi yemazuva ano.
Kujekeswa kwakapesvedzerawo kukura kwehunyanzvi netsika dzekuEurope, zvichikurudzira kukwira kwemaitiro ekare uye kukwira kwemabhuku ezvechitendero neekuseka. Muhupfumi, pfungwa pamusoro pemisika yakasununguka uye capitalism dzakatanga kukura, kunyanya kuburikidza nemabasa aAdam Smith akadai se "The Wealth of Nations."
Kutsoropodzwa Kwenguva Yekujekeswa
Pasinei nezvakabatsira zvakawanda, Nguva yeKujekeswa yakanga isina vatsoropodzi vayo. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti kukoshesa kwayo zvakanyanya kufunga kwakaderedza kukosha kwemanzwiro evanhu nekunamata. Mumamiriro ekukoloni, pfungwa ye "Kujekeswa" dzimwe nguva yaishandiswa kururamisa kutonga kweEurope pamusoro pemamwe marudzi, vachiti yakaunza "budiriro" uye "kufambira mberi."
Mhedziso
Kujekeswa kwacho kwaive nguva yakakosha munhoroondo yeEurope, ichiunza shanduko huru kuzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu. Vanhu vakaita saJohn Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot, Hume, naKant vakaita mabasa akakosha mukugadzira nekuparadzira pfungwa dzinosimbisa kufunga, sainzi, uye kodzero dzemunhu. Nhaka yavo ichiri kukosha nanhasi, ichiumba hwaro hwenheyo dzakawanda dzemazuva ano nemasangano. Kunyange hazvo zvimwe zvikamu zveKujekeswa kwacho zvakatsoropodzwa, mipiro yazvo mukufunga kwakasununguka, kufambira mberi kwesainzi, uye rusununguko rwevanhu hazvirambiki. Nguva ino inotidzidzisa kukosha kwekutsvaga ruzivo nguva dzose uye kupikisa kufunga kwakasimba.
