Fomura yemumvuri wechinhu uchishandisa girazi rakatenderera rakamonana
Pengantar
Girazi rakatenderera rakamonereka igirazi rine pamusoro paro rinomonereka kunze, sekunze kwebhora. Rudzi urwu rwegirazi rune mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana ezuva nezuva, akadai semagirazi ekutarisa kumashure kwemotokari uye magirazi ekuchengetedza muzvitoro. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura kuti girazi rakatenderera rakamonereka rinoshanda sei, fomura inoshandiswa kuona mufananidzo wechinhu chinogadzirwa negirazi iri, uye mimwe mienzaniso yekuverenga uye mashandisirwo anoshanda.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzemagirazi eConvex Spherical
Girazi rakatenderera rine hunhu hwekuratidzira chiedza pamusoro paro zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mwaranzi yechiedza inoonekwa kubva mugirazi iri inopararira kunze. Zvisinei, kana tikatambanudza mwaranzi inoonekwa kumashure, inoonekwa sekunge inobva panzvimbo imwe chete inonzi focal point (F) iri kumashure kwegirazi. Iyi focal point ndiyo nzvimbo iyo mwaranzi inouya inoita seinosangana mushure mekuratidzwa negirazi.
Hunhu hwemufananidzo wakaumbwa negirazi rakapfava:
1. Mufananidzo chaiwo: Mufananidzo wacho unogadzirwa seri kwegirazi uye haugone kutorwa pachiratidziro.
2. Mufananidzo wakatwasuka: Mufananidzo unobuda unoramba wakatwasuka sechinhu chepakutanga.
3. Mufananidzo wakaderedzwa: Saizi yemufananidzo idiki pane saizi chaiyo yechinhu chacho.
Fomura yegirazi reConvex
Fomura huru inoshandiswa kuongorora mufananidzo negirazi rakatenderera rakaita sedenderedzwa ndiyo fomura yegirazi, iyo inotsanangurwa seizvi:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Di mana:
– \( f \) ndiyo urefu hwegirazi (negative yegirazi rakatenderedzwa).
– \( d_o \) ndiko kureba kwechinhu kubva pagirazi (kwakanaka kana chinhu chiri pamberi pegirazi).
– \( d_i \) ndiko kureba kwemufananidzo kubva pagirazi (negative kune girazi rakatenderedzwa nekuti mufananidzo wacho wakaumbwa seri kwegirazi).
Pamusoro pezvo, tinoshandisawo fomura yekuwedzera mufananidzo iyo inotsanangurwa se:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
Di mana:
– \( M \) ndiko kukura kwemufananidzo (negative pamufananidzo wakamira).
– \( h_i \) ndiko kureba kwemufananidzo.
– \( h_o \) ndiko kureba kwechinhu chacho.
Muenzaniso weKuverenga
Ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso yekuverenga kuti tinzwisise mashandisirwo efomura yegirazi rakamoneredzwa.
Muenzaniso 1: Kuziva Nharaunda yeMvuri
Ngatitii tine chinhu chakaiswa 30 cm pamberi pegirazi rakamonana rine urefu hwe -20 cm. Tinoda kuona daro remufananidzo kubva pagirazi.
Kushandisa fomura yegirazi:
\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = \frac{1}{30} + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
Matanho ekuverenga:
1. Verenga \( \frac{1}{30} \):
\[ \frac{1}{30} \inenge 0.0333 \]
2. Isa zvinhu izvi mufomura:
\[ \frac{1}{-20} = 0.0333 + \frac{1}{d_i} \]
3. Kuzviparadzanisa \( \frac{1}{d_i} \):
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} = \frac{1}{-20} – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \inenge -0.05 – 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{d_i} \inenge -0.0833 \]
4. Tsvaga \( d_i \):
\[ d_i \approx \frac{1}{-0.0833} \]
\[ d_i \approx -12 \, \text{cm} \]
Saka, mufananidzo unoumbwa 12 cm kumashure kwegirazi (negative inoratidza kuti mufananidzo uri kumashure kwegirazi).
Muenzaniso 2: Kuziva Kureba kweMvuri
Kana kureba kwechinhu ( \( h_o \) ) kuri 10 cm uye tatoziva kuti daro remufananidzo ( \( d_i \) ) riri -12 cm kubva pamuenzaniso wapfuura, tinogona kuona kukwirira kwemufananidzo tichishandisa fomura yekuwedzera.
Kushandisa fomura yekukudza:
\[ M = – \frac{d_i}{d_o} = \frac{h_i}{h_o} \]
\[ M = – \frac{-12}{30} \]
\[ M = 0.4 \]
Saka, kukura kwemufananidzo i0.4. Zvadaro, tinoverenga kukwirira kwemufananidzo:
\[ \frac{h_i}{h_o} = 0.4 \]
\[ h_i = 0.4 \kawa 10 \]
\[ h_i = 4 \, \chinyorwa{cm} \]
Kureba kwemumvuri i4 cm, kudiki pane kureba kwechinhu uye kwakamira.
Mashandisirwo eConvex Mirror
Magirazi eConvex ane mashandisirwo akawanda anobatsira nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwakasiyana hunoita kuti abatsire zvikuru mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana:
1. Girazi rekutarisa kumashure kwemotokari
Magirazi anotenderera anoshandiswa mumagirazi emotokari anoona kumashure kuti ape maonero akafara enzvimbo iri kumashure uye kumativi emotokari. Izvi zvinobatsira vatyairi kuona zvakawanda zvakatipoteredza, kuderedza nzvimbo dzisingaonekwe, uye kunatsiridza kuchengetedzeka kwekutyaira.
2. Girazi rekutarisa
Muzvitoro nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, magirazi akareba anowanzo shandiswa semagirazi ekutarisa kuti awedzere nzvimbo yekuona. Izvi zvinobatsira mukutarisa nekudzivirira kuba nekupa maonero akazara enzvimbo yakakura.
3. Periscope
MaPeriscope anoshandiswa mungarava dzepasi pemvura nedzimwewo midziyo yekuona anowanzo shandisa magirazi akajeka kuti awedzere maonero emushandisi uye kuti akwanise kuona zvinhu zviri kure nemaonero akananga.
4. Zvishandiso zveOptical
Zvimwe zvishandiso zvemaziso zvakaita semateresikopu nemamaikorosikopu zvinoshandisa magirazi akajeka mumasisitimu azvo kugadzirisa nekukudza mufananidzo wechinhu.
Mhedziso
Magirazi akatenderera ane denderedzwa regirazi zvishandiso zvakakosha zve optical zvine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa mafomura ekutanga anoshandiswa kuona mufananidzo unogadzirwa nemagirazi aya kwakakosha munzvimbo dzakawanda, kubva pakugadzira mota kusvika pakuchengetedza. Tichishandisa fomura yegirazi uye kukura, tinogona kuona nzvimbo, saizi, uye hunhu hwemufananidzo unogadzirwa negirazi rakatenderera. Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemagirazi aya, sekukwanisa kwawo kupa nzvimbo yakakura yekuona uye kumisa mifananidzo, yakaderera, kunoita kuti abatsire zvakanyanya mumabasa akasiyana-siyana ezuva nezuva.
