Kupindura kweMadziviriro Emuviri uye Kuzivikanwa Kwemuviri
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri ndeimwe yenzira dzakaoma uye dzinokosha dzekudzivirira muviri, ichidzivirira chipenyu kubva mukurwiswa nezvirwere zvakaita semabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, tupukanana, uye fungus. Mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri inoreva maitiro akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasero nemamorekuru ekuziva nekuparadza zvinhu zvekunze zvinopinda mumuviri. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama kuti sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inoziva sei dziviriro yemuviri, kuti inopindura sei kutyisidziro, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zveiyi sisitimu.
Nhanganyaya yeKuzvida Iwe pachako kwete Kuzvida Iwe
Rimwe remabasa makuru edziviriro yemuviri kugona kwayo kusiyanisa masero emuviri ('self') nemasero ekunze ('asiri ega'). Kugona uku kwakakosha kuti dziviriro yemuviri iparadze utachiona pasina kukuvadza masero ane hutano. Kuzivikanwa uku kunonyanya kuwanikwa kuburikidza nemamorekuru anonzi Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), ayo anowanikwa pamusoro pemasero ese emuviri.
MHC inopa zvidimbu zveprotein, zvinozivikanwa se peptides, kumasero eT, ayo ari chikamu chakakosha che adjustable immune system. Kune mapoka maviri makuru eMHC: MHC class I inowanikwa pamasero ese ane nucleated uye inopa mapeptides kubva kumapuroteni emukati memasero, nepo MHC class II inowanikwa pamasero anounza antigen (masero edendritic, macrophages, uye masero eB) uye inopa mapeptides kubva kumapuroteni anotorwa kunze kwesero. Masero eT anoziva mapeptides anotakurwa neaya maMHC: kana peptide iri kubva kumasero emuviri, sero reT harizokonzere immune response. Zvisinei, kana peptide iri kubva kune pathogen, sero reT richakonzereswa uye richaramba richienderera mberi ne immune response.
Kusadzivirirwa Kwemuviri uye Kuchinjika
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: innatural immunity uye adaptive immunity. Innatural immunity ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira, uye mhinduro yayo inowanzova nekukurumidza asi isina kunyanya kujeka kana kuti ine "memory." Zvikamu zvikuru zveinnatural immunity zvinosanganisira ganda, mucosa, phagocytes (dzakadai semacrophages nema neutrophils), natural killer cells (NK cells), uye mapuroteni akasiyana-siyana eplasma akadai se complement.
Kune rumwe rutivi, dziviriro inochinjika inogona kunzwisiswa senzira yechipiri yekudzivirira inononoka kuita chiito pakutanga, asi yakanyanya kunanga uye ine kugona "kurangarira" hutachiona kuburikidza nekurangarira kwemuviri. Zvikamu zvikuru zvedziviriro inochinjika iT cells neB cells. B cells vane basa rekugadzira ma antibodies zvakananga kurwisa maantigens, nepo T cells dzakakamurwa kuita helper T cells necytotoxic T cells, imwe neimwe ichishanda kubatsira mukushanda kwemamwe masero uye kuparadzwa kwemasero ane hutachiona.
Matanho Ekupindura Kwemuviri Wekudzivirira Kurwara
Kupindura kwemuviri kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei akagadzirirwa kuziva nekuparadza utachiona. Danho rekutanga, rinozivikanwa se "immune surveillance," inzira iyo masero emuviri anoramba achitarisa kuti aone kana paine utachiona. Kana utachiona hukapinda mumuviri, nzira yekuona nekuhuziva inotanga.
1. Kuziva uye Kuziva: Masero eDendritic nema macrophages, mushure mekuona hutachiona achishandisa ma receptors chaiwo akadai seToll-like receptors (TLRs), phagocytose uye kugadzirisa hutachiona. Zvadaro zvinopa zvidimbu zvehutachiona kumasero eT kuburikidza nemamorekuru eMHC.
2. Kushanda: Maantigen anowanikwa neMHC anozivikanwa nemareceptors ari pamasero eT anoenderana nawo. Masero eT akaziva antigen anotangwa, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwawo nekusiyana kwawo kuita masero anoita basa rekurwisa hutachiona. Masero eB anotangwawo kuburikidza nekudyidzana nemasero eT uye maantigen akabatana nawo, zvichikurudzira kugadzirwa kwemaantibodies chaiwo kune antigen iyoyo.
3. Zvinokonzera: Masero eT ane chepfu anoparadza masero ane hutachiona kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuburitswa kwemagranules ane perforin nemagranzymes anokonzera apoptosis mumasero anotarisirwa. Panguva iyi, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogadzirwa nemasero eB anorwisa utachiona huri kunze kwesero uye anoaratidza kuti anofanira kuparadzwa nezvimwe zvikamu zvemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere zvakaita semacrophages kana kuburikidza nenzira yekuwedzera.
4. Kuyeuka Kwemuviri: Kana hutachiona hwapera, mamwe masero eT nemasero eB anoshanduka kuita masero ekurangarira. Masero aya ekurangarira anoramba ari mumuviri uye anopindura nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kana utachiona humwe chete hukapindazve mumuviri.
Kuenzana kweSimba reMuviri
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inoshanda zvikuru uye yakakosha kuti munhu ararame, asi kusaenzana kwayo kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano. Kushomeka kwedziviriro yemuviri, kungave kwakawanikwa kana kwakaberekwa nako, kunokonzera kusasimba kwesimba rekurwisa hutachiona. Kusiyana neizvi, mhinduro yakawandisa kana isingadzoreki yedziviriro yemuviri inogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zve autoimmune, uko sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri inorwisa masero emuviri, sezvinoitika mu multiple sclerosis kana rheumatoid arthritis.
Zvimwe zvirwere zvemuviri zvinosanganisa allergies, apo mhinduro yemuviri kuzvirwere zvisingakuvadzi, zvakaita semupunga kana zvimwe zvekudya, inova yakanyanya kushanda. Kurapwa kwechirwere ichi kunoda rubatsiro rwakakodzera rwechiremba kuti muviri udzorere simba rawo remuviri kumamiriro akajairika.
Penutup
Sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri uye nzira dzayo dzekusiyanisa pakati pe "self" ne "non-self" ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha pakushanda kwemuviri wemunhu. Hutano hwakanaka hwekudzivirira muviri hwakakosha kwete chete pakudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira asiwo pakuchengetedza kuenzana mumuviri kudzivirira zvirwere zve autoimmune kana allergies. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwesisitimu yekudzivirira muviri kuri kuramba kuchichinja, zvichigadzira nzira yekuvandudza kwakawanda kwekurapa mu immunotherapy uye kubaya, zvichipa tariro itsva yekurapa zvirwere zvakaoma zvinosanganisira sisitimu yekudzivirira muviri.
