Mazano uye Mano Ekubatanidza Redhiyo NeAntenna Yekunze
Kuvaka redhiyo yako pachako ipurojekiti yemagetsi inonakidza uye inodzidzisa. Kunze kwekudzidzisa macircuit ekunyatsonzwisisa uye ekunzwisisa, chirongwa ichi chinopawo kunzwa kwekugutsikana kwakasiyana kana ruzha rwunobva rwanzwika zvakajeka kubva mumudziyo wakagadzirwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvine simba pakugamuchira redhiyo iantenna. Nokudaro, kushandisa antenna yekunze kazhinji ndiyo sarudzo inosarudzwa yekuwedzera kunzwisisika, kuderedza ruzha, uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemasaini. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mazano anoshanda uye matipi ekubatanidza redhiyo neantenna yekunze kuti redhiyo ive yakachena, yakachengeteka, uye inoshanda zvakanaka.
1. Sarudza rudzi rweredhiyo inofanira kuunganidzwa
Usati wasarudza zvikamu nemaantenna, tanga waona kuti rudzii rweredhiyo yaunoda kuvaka. Kazhinji, mapurojekiti eredhiyo yekumba akakamurwa kuita:
– FM radio (88–108 MHz): inonyanya kufarirwa, zvikamu zviri nyore kuwana, antenna iri nyore.
– Redhiyo yeAM (MW): inonakidza pakuedza, asi inonyanya kukanganiswa nemagetsi anobva kumidziyo yemumba.
– Shortwave Radio (SW): inokwanisa kuresa, asi inoda maantenna nemacircuit akanyatsojeka.
Kune vanotanga, FM radio ndiyo sarudzo iri nyore kushandisa nekuti kune akawanda ma FM modules akagadzirira (semuenzaniso ma tuner modules kana ma radio ICs) anogona kusanganiswa ne audio amplifier.
2. Sarudza Stable Radio Module kana IC
Kana chinangwa chako chiri chekukurumidza kuwana mhinduro uye kugadzirisa matambudziko mashoma, shandisa module yeredhiyo yakasimbiswa. Mamodule anowanzo kuve neRF (radio frequency), oscillator, uye demodulator. Chaunongoda kuita kuwedzera magetsi akachena, macontrol (mabhatani/encoders), uye audio amplifier.
Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda, unogona kugadzira uchishandisa maIC eredhiyo anozivikanwa. Zvisinei, iva nechokwadi chekuti watevera datasheet nemazvo, kunyanya maererano nePCB layout, bypass capacitors, uye mafirita.
Zano rakakosha: matambudziko mazhinji nemaredhiyo akagadzirwa kumba haasi ekuti "maIC akaipa", asi kuti marongerwo awo haana kunaka, macircuit akareba zvakanyanya, kana kuti grounding yacho haina kunaka.
3. Nzwisisa Basa reMaAntenna Ekunze
Antena yekunze inobata mafungu eredhiyo uye inoaendesa kune RF input yeredhiyo. Zvakanakira zvayo kupfuura antena yemukati (waya pfupi iri mukati mebhokisi) ndeizvi:
- Chiratidzo chakasimba uye chakasimba
- Zviri nyore kuisa panzvimbo (yakasimudzwa, yakatenderedzwa, yakabviswa panzvimbo dzine ruzha)
- Inogona kushandisa antenna dzine hunhu hwakasiyana: dipole, ground plane, yagi, nezvimwewo.
Zvisinei, maantenna ekunze anogonawo kuva "gedhi" rekupindira kana tambo isina kunaka kana kuti yakaiswa zvisizvo.
4. Sarudza rudzi rweantenna rwakakodzera
Kune redhiyo yeFM, dzimwe sarudzo dzekunze dzeantenna dziri nyore kugadzira ndeidzi:
1. Antena ye ½-wave dipole
Iyi ndeimwe yeinonyanya kushanda uye iri nyore. Hurefu hwese hweFM dipole hunenge:
– Fomura inokurumidza: kureba (mamita) ≈ 150 / frequency (MHz)
Semuenzaniso, pa100 MHz: 150/100 = 1,5 metres (huwandu), zvichireva kuti gumbo rega rega rine 75 cm.
2. Antena yePasi peNdege
Yakakodzera kuiswa panze. Kazhinji inoshandisa zvinhu zvakamira uye zvimwe zvinopenya.
3. Antena yeTerescopic yekunze
Nzira iri nyore, ingobatanidza chinongedzo woshandisa antenna ye telescopic separedhiyo inotakurika.
Kune AM, antenna inowanzova ferrite rod kana loop, asi unogona kuwedzera antenna refu yewaya ine circuit inoenderana kudzivirira kuwandisa.
5. Shandisa Matambo Akakodzera uye MaConnector
Chikanganiso chimwe chinowanzoitika kushandisa chero tambo yekunze kweantenna. Kune FM, shandisa tambo ye coaxial (semuenzaniso, RG-58 kana RG-59). Tambo ye coaxial inobatsira kuderedza kukanganiswa nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo.
Zvishandiso zvinowanzoshandiswa:
- SMA (inowanzoonekwa pamamodule eRF emazuva ano)
- BNC (inoshanda uye yakasimba)
– F-type (kazhinji paTV)
– Zviteshi zvesikuruu (zvinobvumirwa, asi zvinokurumidza kuita ruzha kana tambo yacho yakareba)
Zano: kana module yako iine antenna pad isina chinongedzo chete, unogona kuisa chinongedzo pabhokisi repaneru wobva wachibatanidza nemodule netambo pfupi yecoaxial.
6. Teererai kupindirana uye kuenderana
MaAntenna nemaredhiyo zvinopinda zvine impedance chaiyo (kazhinji 50 ohms kana 75 ohms). Kusawirirana kweImpedance kunogona kukonzera kutapurirana kwemasaini kusingakodzeri. Kune mapurojekiti epamba, hapana chikonzero chekunyanya kuda zvakakwana, asi heano matanho mashoma akareruka:
– Shandisa 75 ohm coaxial kune antenna dzeTV/FM dipole dzakajairika.
– Kana radio module iri 50 ohm chaiyo, shandisa tambo dze50 ohm nezvinobatanidza pese pazvinogoneka.
- Dzivisa kubatana kakawanda uye tambo dzakareba zvakanyanya pasina chikonzero.
Kufananidza zvakanaka hakungobatsiri chete chiratidzo, asi kunoderedzawo kupenya kwechiedza uye ruzha runogona kuitika.
7. Simba remagetsi rinofanira kunge rakachena uye rakagadzikana
Maredhiyo anonyanya kunzwa ruzha rwemagetsi. Kana uri kushandisa switching adapter yakachipa, unowanzo nzwa ruzha rwekuridza, kurira, kana kurira, kunyanya kana chiratidzo chisina kusimba.
Mazano ekushandisa magetsi:
- Shandisa chinodzora magetsi chakanaka uye ma "filter capacitors" akakwana.
– Wedzera capacitor ye bypass (semuenzaniso 100 nF pedyo neIC).
- Kana uchishandisa amplifier yeaudio, paradzanisa mitsetse yeaudio neyeRF ground wobva wabatanidza panzvimbo imwe chete (star ground).
Zano: ruzha runowanzo deredzwa zvakanyanya nekungowedzera capacitor ye100 nF + 10 µF pedyo ne radio module.
8. Kurongeka uye Kudzika: Kiyi yeRadio "Inonzwisisika"
Maseketi eRF haafariri tambo refu uye marongero asina kunaka. Kana uri kushandisa PCB yakaboorwa, edza kuchengetedza zvikamu zveRF zviri pfupi.
Mamwe matipi ekuronga:
- Isa module yeredhiyo pedyo ne antenna connector sezvinobvira.
- Shandisa purani yepasi paunenge uchigadzira PCB yako wega.
- Chengeta chikamu cheRF kure nechikamu cheaudio power amplifier.
- Kuparadzanisa nzira yechiratidzo chenzwi kubva kune nzira yeRF.
Kana ukaibatanidza mubhokisi resimbi, bhokisi rinogona kubatsira pakudzivirira, asi iva nechokwadi chekuti pasi rayo rakarurama uye harigadzire denderedzwa repasi.
9. Nzvimbo yeAntena Inosarudza Mhedzisiro
Kunyangwe antenna yakanakisisa inogona kusashanda zvakanaka kana ikaiswa panzvimbo isiriyo. Edza nzira idzi:
– Isa antenna pakakwirira sezvinobvira, semuenzaniso pedyo nehwindo kana kunze kwemba.
- Chengeta kure nemaWi-Fi routers, macharger, mwenje ye LED, uye zvishandiso zve switching.
- Tenderedza antenna ye dipole kuti uwane gwara rakanakisisa rechiratidzo.
- Dzivisa kubatanidza antenna kumafuremu makuru esimbi anogona kuchinja hunhu hwayo.
Zano riri nyore: kusimudza antenna mamita 1-2 chete kunowanzo shanda zvakanyanya pane kutsiva module yeredhiyo.
10. Wedzera Dziviriro neKuchengetedzwa
Kana antenna yekunze yakaiswa panze, teerera kuchengetedzeka:
- Shandisa bhokisi rinodzivirira mamiriro ekunze pakubatanidza.
– Iva nechokwadi chekuti tambo haina kupwanyika uye kuti pane zororo rekumanikidzwa.
- Funga nezvekudzivirira mheni zviri nyore (zvinodzivirira mheni) kuti zviiswe zvachose.
- Bvisa antenna panguva yemheni kana nzvimbo yako isina ground yakakwana.
Kana uchizoshandisa mumba, iva nechokwadi chekuti chinongedzo chakasimba uye hachikwevike nyore nyore netambo.
11. Kuedza uye Kugadzirisa neStepwise Method
Kana redhiyo yako isiri kushanda sezvaitarisirwa, usaedza nekukasika kupatsanura zvese. Edza nhanho nhanho:
1. Iva nechokwadi chekuti voltage yekupinda inoenderana nezvinodiwa.
2. Tarisa kana amplifier yeaudio iri kushanda (edza neimwe nzira yekuteerera).
3. Tarisa module yeredhiyo: pane here ruzha runobuda kana uchitsvaga zviteshi.
4. Edza imwe antenna: tambo pfupi, dipole, kana antenna yetereskopu.
5. Fambisa nzvimbo yeredhiyo/antenna kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti hapana dambudziko remasaini.
Kana uine zvishandiso zvakaita se multimeter uye oscilloscope iri nyore, maitiro ekugadzirisa matambudziko achava nyore.
12. Kuvandudzwa kweTry
Kana redhiyo yangotanga kushanda, unogona kuvandudza mashandiro ayo nekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu:
– FM-specific antenna preamp (LNA) (chenjerera, inogona kuwandisa kana chiratidzo chakasimba kwazvo).
- Sefa yebhendi yekuderedza kupindirana kwekunze kwebhendi.
- Stereo decoder kana module iri nani ine RDS feature.
- Amplifier yeClass D yekushanda zvakanaka uye ruzha rwakanyanya.
Kuvandudzwa kunofanira kuitwa chimwe nechimwe kuitira kuti uzive kuti ndedzipi shanduko dzichanyanya kukosha.
Penutup
Kuvaka redhiyo neantenna yekunze hakusi kungoshandisa zvikamu zve soldering chete; kunosanganisirawo kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yekugamuchira masaini, kugadzirisa ruzha, uye kukosha kwekugadzirwa kwakachena uye simba. Antenna yekunze yakakodzera—yakaiswa netambo yakanaka ye coaxial, connectors dzakachena, uye dzakaiswa panzvimbo dzakarongeka—inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kwekugamuchira. Nekutevera matipi nemazano ari pamusoro apa, unogona kuvaka redhiyo isingashande chete asiwo inopa kugamuchira kunogutsa, kwakajeka, uye kwakasimba.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kukubatsirai kugadzira chinyorwa chino chine hunyanzvi (nezvirongwa zviri nyore, runyorwa rwezvikamu, uye matanho ekugadzira redhiyo yeFM) yakagadzirirwa nhanho yenyu: yekutanga, yepakati, kana yepamusoro.
