Dzidziso yaFreud yePsychosexual uye Kutsoropodzwa Kwayo
Sigmund Freud mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yepfungwa. Pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekusaziva, zviroto, nzira dzekudzivirira, uye kukura kwehunhu zvakaumba hwaro hwekuongorora kwepfungwa. Pakati pepfungwa dzaFreud dzakakurumbira—uye dzinokakavadzana zvikuru—ndiyo dzidziso yekukura kwepabonde, maonero ekuti hunhu hwevanhu hunokura kuburikidza nematanho akatarisana nekuzadzikiswa kwezvido zvepabonde (libido). Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso iyi yakagadzira nzira yekukurukurirana kwesainzi nezvekukura kwevana vachiri vadiki uye mafambiro emhuri, dzidziso yaFreud yakatsoropodzwawo zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushaya kwayo humbowo hwekuongorora, rusaruro rwetsika, uye kusimbiswa kwakanyanya pane zvepabonde.
Pfupiso yedzidziso yezvepabonde
Sekureva kwaFreud, libido isimba repfungwa rinoita kuti vanhu vatsvage mafaro. Munguva yehudiki, simba iri "rinofamba" kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yemuviri (nzvimbo dzisina kurongeka) kuenda kune imwe sezvo kukura kuchiitika. Danho rega rega rinopa kusawirirana kana basa rekukura. Kana kusawirirana kukasagadziriswa zvakanaka, vana vanogona kuva nepfungwa dzakasimba, idzo dziri tsika dzekuita mamwe maitiro anoramba aripo kusvika pakukura. Nemamwe mashoko, zviitiko zvepakutanga zvinoonekwa sezvakakosha pakuumba hunhu hwemunhu mukuru.
Freud akagadzira matanho makuru mashanu: emuromo, ekubuda netsvina, enhengo yechirume, epachivande, uye enhengo dzesikarudzi. Matanho aya haatsananguri chete shanduko dzemuviri asiwo hukama hwemwana nevabereki, maitiro ekutonga manzwiro, uye kukura kwekuzvidzora.
Danho remuromo (makore 0–1)
Padanho remuromo, chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti munhu agutsikane muromo: kuyamwa, kuruma, uye kuyamwa. Freud akaona kuti kuita zvemuromo hakusi kungoda kudya chete, asi senzira yekufadza uye nzira yekuti vacheche vanzwe vakachengeteka kuburikidza nekudyidzana nevanotarisira.
Kana zvinodiwa nemuromo zvikazadzikiswa zvakanyanya kana kuti zvikadziviswa zvakanyanya, Freud akataura kuti vacheche vanogona kutanga kunzwa kuda kutaura nemuromo. Mukuongorora kwepfungwa dzekare, kunzwa uku kunobatanidzwa nemaitiro ekuzvibata akadai sekuvimba nevamwe, kuoma kuvimba nevamwe, kana kutsvaga kunyaradzwa kuburikidza nemabasa e "muromo" mukukura (semuenzaniso, kusvuta kana kudya zvakanyanya). Kunyangwe kubatana uku kuchiwanzokurukurwa, pfungwa dzaFreud dzinosimbisa kukosha kwezviitiko zvekurera vana vachiri vadiki.
Danho rekubuda netsvina (gore 1–3)
Danho rekubuda netsvina rine chekuita neruzivo rwemwana pakudzidzisa mwana chimbuzi uye kudzora kufamba kwetsvina. Sekureva kwaFreud, gakava guru pano riri pakati pezvido zvemwana zvemuviri uye zvinodiwa nevanhu zvekurangwa nekuchena. Maitiro anoita vabereki kudzidzisa mwana chimbuzi anoonekwa seanoumba hunhu hwake.
Freud akatanga mazwi akakurumbira mutsika dzevanhu: "kudzora dumbu" uye "kudzinga dumbu." Maitiro ekudzivirira dumbu anobatanidzwa nekuchena, kuda kukwana, uye kudzora zvakanyanya; nepo maitiro ekubvisa dumbu achibatanidzwa nekusada kuita chimwe chinhu uye kushaya kurongeka. Vatsoropodzi vemazuva ano vanoona mapoka aya seakanyanya kupfava uye anowanzo shandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana, asi pfungwa yedanho rekudzora dumbu inoratidza kutarisisa kwaFreud kune kuti vana vanotanga sei kutevedzera mitemo yemagariro evanhu.
Danho renhengo yemurume (makore 3–6)
Danho renhengo yechirume ndiro rinonyanya kukakavadzana. Chinangwa chekunakidzwa chinoshanduka kuenda kunzvimbo yepabonde, uye Freud akati vana vanotanga kuziva musiyano uripo pakati pevarume nevakadzi. Munguva iyi, Freud akatanga pfungwa dzeOedipus Complex (muvakomana) neElectra Complex (izwi rinofarirwa naCarl Jung, kunyange zvazvo richiwanzobatanidzwa naFreud). Chaizvoizvo, vana vanofungidzirwa kuti vanonzwa kukwezvwa nemanzwiro nemubereki wepabonde rakasiyana uye godo nemubereki wepabonde rakafanana.
Freud aidavira kuti kusawirirana uku kwaigadziriswa kuburikidza nekuzivana: vana vanotevedzera uye vanoisa tsika dzevabereki vavo vepabonde rimwe chete, nokudaro vachiumba superego (tsika). Maitiro aya, Freud aidavira, aive akakosha pakuumbwa kwehunhu hwepabonde uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoramba izvi nekuti hazviwanzo ratidza kusiyana kwekukura kwemhuri nekwemwana mutsika dzakasiyana.
Danho rakavanda (makore matanhatu kusvika pakuyaruka)
Munguva yekunonoka, zvishuwo zvepabonde zvinoonekwa sezvishoma kana kuti "zvinodziviswa," uye simba repfungwa rinoendeswa kumabasa evanhu, kudzidza, hushamwari, uye kukura kwehunyanzvi. Nguva iyi inowanzobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwehunyanzvi hwekufunga uye kuwedzera kwenyika yemwana yemagariro evanhu.
Kunyange hazvo Freud akaitumidza kuti "yakavanzika," izvi hazvirevi kuti hapana kukura kwepfungwa. Kutaura zvazviri, panguva iyi, vana vanodzidza kushanda pamwe chete, kukwikwidzana, uye kuvaka kuzvivimba kuburikidza nekubudirira. Dzidziso zhinji dzemazuva ano dzinobvumirana kuti zera rechikoro inguva yakakosha yekukura kwepfungwa, kunyangwe dzisingabatanidzi zvakananga nekudzvinyirirwa kwepabonde.
Danho renhengo dzesikarudzi (kuyaruka-kukura)
Danho repabonde rinotanga panguva yekuyaruka, apo zvishuwo zvepabonde zvinosimba zvakare, asi zvino zvinonangidzirwa kuhukama hwevanhu vakuru. Freud aidavira kuti munhu ari kukura ane hutano anoratidzwa nekukwanisa kuvaka hukama hwepedyo, kushanda zvine pundutso, uye kuendesa zvishuwo zvechokwadi uye mukati memitemo.
Mupfungwa dzaFreud, kubudirira muchikamu chepabonde kunokonzerwa zvikuru nekugadziriswa kwekusawirirana muchikamu chekare. Kana mumwe munhu akasangana nedambudziko, anogona kusangana nematambudziko muhukama, kuzvidzora, kana kudzora mafungiro ake.
Mipiro inokosha yedzidziso yaFreud
Pasinei nekukakavadzana uku, dzidziso yaFreud yezvepabonde yakaita mipiro yakakosha munhoroondo. Chekutanga, Freud akataura kuti hudiki hwakakosha mukuumbwa kwehunhu—pfungwa yava kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya, kunyangwe kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana. Chechipiri, Freud akatanga nzira yekufunga ine simba: maitiro haasi kungokonzerwa nekuziva chete asiwo anopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvisingazivikanwe. Chechitatu, dzidziso yaFreud yakakurudzira kutsvagurudza nekukurukurirana pakati pemadhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemhuri, kukura, uye zvepabonde, izvo zvaimboonekwa sezvisingabvumirwi.
Kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso yaFreud yepfungwa dzepabonde
1. Humbowo hushoma hwekuongorora humbowo uye hwakaoma kuyedza
Kutsoropodzwa kukuru kunobva munzira dzesainzi dzemazuva ano: pfungwa dzakawanda dzaFreud dzakaoma kushandisa uye dzakanyatsoedzwa. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekugadziriswa kana kurwisana kweOedipus hainyatsoyerwa nekuyedzwa. Dzidziso yakaoma kunyepedzera inoonekwa seisina simba kubva pamaonero esainzi.
2. Muenzaniso werusarura uye nzira dzekurapa
Freud akagadzira dzidziso yake kubva muzviitiko zvevarwere vakuru (kazhinji vanobva kuEurope) uye kududzira kwekiriniki kwemunhu oga. Kubatanidza vana netsika dzese kwakaoma. Uyezve, kududzira kwaFreud kwedata kunowanzoonekwa sekukanganiswa nepfungwa dzake dzekutanga.
3. Kunyanya kukoshesa zvepabonde
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzepfungwa dzinotenda kuti Freud akanyanya kusimbisa libido. Dzidziso dzemazuva ano dzekuvandudza - dzakadai sedzidziso yaPiaget yekuziva, dzidziso yaErikson yezvepfungwa, kana dzidziso yaBowlby yekubatanidza - dzinoratidza kuti kukura kunokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pehupenyu, hukama, kuziva, uye nharaunda, kwete kungoda zvepabonde chete.
4. Maonero evanhurume nevanhukadzi akasiyana
Pfungwa dzakadai se "godo renhengo yemurume," idzo Freud akabatanidza nekukura kwevakadzi, dzakatsoropodzwa sedzinosarura pabonde uye dzinoratidza tsika dzemadzitateguru epanguva yake. Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvevakadzi nepfungwa zvinosimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi nezviitiko zvavo hazvigone kuderedzwa kusvika pakusakwana kwemuviri kana godo.
5. Kusateerera tsika nemagariro akasiyana-siyana uye kusiyana kwemhuri
Freud aiwanzoona chimiro chemhuri (baba-amai-mwana) sechinhu chinowanzoitika. Zvisinei, mafomu emhuri anosiyana, sezvinoitawo nzira dzinokura nadzo vana mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu. Tsvagiridzo yetsika dzakasiyana inoratidza kuti maitiro ehukama netsika zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya pasina kutevedzera gakava raFreud reOedipal.
Penutup
Dzidziso yaFreud yepfungwa dzepabonde inhanho huru munhoroondo yepfungwa: inomutsa, ine simba, uye inotangira nharo pamusoro pebasa reruzivo rwepakutanga uye kusaziva. Zvisinei, kubva pamaonero epfungwa dzemazuva ano, inotarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakakomba maererano nehumbowo hwechokwadi, rusaruro rwetsika, uye kusimbiswa kwakanyanya panyaya dzepabonde nepfungwa dzakaoma kusimbisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, dzidziso yaFreud inowanzoiswa semupiro wenhoroondo uye hurongwa hwekududzira pane semuenzaniso wesainzi wepakati. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunzwisisa dzidziso yaFreud yepfungwa dzepabonde uye kushoropodzwa kwayo kuchiri kukosha kuti tinzwisise kuti pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakashanduka sei—kubva pakufungidzira kwekiriniki kuenda panzira yekuongorora uye ine mativi akawanda.
