Dzidziso yeMutambo muPfungwa dzezvehupfumi
Pendauluan
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, dzidziso yemitambo yave chishandiso chakakosha chekuongorora kunzwisisa kudyidzana kwezvirongwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira psychology yezvehupfumi. Dzidziso yemitambo inotarisa pakudzidza kuti vanhu vanoita sei sarudzo mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mhedzisiro yavo inotsamira kwete pazviito zvavo chete asiwo pazviito zvevamwe. Muchirevo chepfungwa yezvehupfumi, dzidziso yemitambo inotibatsira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvepfungwa zvinopesvedzera kuita sarudzo dzezvehupfumi uye kudyidzana kwevanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora hwaro hwedzidziso yemitambo uye mashandisirwo ayo mu psychology yezvehupfumi, kusanganisira pfungwa huru, mifananidzo ine kuyedza kwakakurumbira, uye zvazvinoreva zvedzidziso uye zvinoshanda.
Nheyo dzedzidziso dzemitambo
Dzidziso yemitambo yakagadzirwa naJohn von Neumann naOskar Morgenstern mubhuku ravo ra1944, "Dzidziso yeMitambo neMaitiro Ehupfumi." Dzidziso iyi inoshandisa mamodheru emasvomhu kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu umo vanhu kana mapoka vanodyidzana mumitambo yehurongwa, inonzi "vatambi." Mutambi wega wega ane sarudzo kana mazano anogona kutorwa kuti azadzise chinangwa chaicho. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemitambo dzinotaurwa nezvadzo mudzidziso iyi, kusanganisira mitambo isiri yekubatsirana uye yekubatsirana, mitambo yemunguva imwe chete uye yakatevedzana, uye mitambo ine ruzivo rwakakwana uye rusina kukwana.
Imwe yepfungwa huru mudzidziso yemitambo ndeye "Nash equilibrium," yakatumidzwa zita renyanzvi yemasvomhu John Nash. Nash equilibrium mamiriro ezvinhu apo hapana mutambi anogona kuvandudza mubairo wake nekuchinja maitiro ake, chero bedzi mumwe mutambi achiramba aine maitiro ake aripo. Inotsanangura equilibrium mukudyidzana kwehurongwa uko mutambi wega wega akafunga nezvesarudzo dzemumwe mutambi uye asina chikonzero chekuchinja maitiro ake.
Dzidziso yeMutambo muPfungwa dzezvehupfumi
Pfungwa dzezvehupfumi ibazi rezvehupfumi rinosanganisira nzwisiso kubva kupfungwa dzezvehupfumi kuti tinzwisise maitiro ehupfumi hwevanhu. Rinosanganisira kudzidza kuti zvinhu zvepfungwa zvakaita sezvinodiwa, rusaruro, manzwiro, uye tsika dzemagariro zvinopesvedzera sei sarudzo dzezvehupfumi uye kudyidzana kwevanhu. Muchirevo ichi, dzidziso yemitambo inopa hurongwa hunobatsira hwekugadzira kuyedza uye kuongorora kudyidzana kwevanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ehupfumi.
Kuedza uye Zvidzidzo zveNyaya
Kuedza kwakawanda kunozivikanwa mu Economic Psychology kunoshandisa pfungwa dzedzidziso yemitambo kunzwisisa maitiro evanhu. Imwe yekuedza kwakadaro i "Dictator Game," umo mutambi (mudzvinyiriri) anopiwa mari uye anofanira kusarudza kuti angaigovana sei nevamwe vatambi (vanogamuchira). Mutambo uyu unoedza zvido zvekubatsira vamwe uye kururamisira. Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku inowanzo ratidza kuti vatambi vazhinji vanosarudza kugovana mari yavo yakawanda pane kuichengeta yese, zvichiratidza kukosha kwetsika dzemagariro evanhu uye tsitsi mukuita sarudzo dzezvehupfumi.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndewe "Ultimatum Game." Mumutambo uyu, mumwe mutambi (anopa chikumbiro) anokurudzira kugovanisa mari nemumwe mutambi (anopa mhinduro). Anopa mhinduro anogona kugamuchira kana kuramba chikumbiro chacho. Kana chikumbiro chikarambwa, hapana mutambi anowana chero chinhu. Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku inowanzoratidza kuti zvipo zvisina kururama zvinowanzorambwa, kunyangwe izvi zvichireva kurasikirwa kune anopa mhinduro, zvichiratidza kuti vanhu vanokurudzirwa kwete nekuwana zvinhu chete asiwo nepfungwa yekururamisira uye kuzvikoshesa.
Kusarura Kwepfungwa Nemanzwiro Mukuita Zvisarudzo
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinodzidzwa mu Economic Psychology ibasa repfungwa dzepfungwa nemanzwiro mukuita sarudzo. Pfungwa dzepfungwa zvikanganiso zvinorongwa mukufunga zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvedu nekutonga. Semuenzaniso, "mhedzisiro yechokwadi" inotsanangura tsika yemunhu yekuisa pamberi mimwe mhedzisiro pane ingangodaro, kunyangwe kana mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro iri nani pamasvomhu.
Dzidziso yemitambo inoratidzawo kukosha kwemanzwiro mukuita sarudzo. Manzwiro akadai sekutya, hasha, uye kufara zvinogona kukanganisa nzira dzinosarudzwa nevatambi mumutambo. Semuenzaniso, mumitambo yekukurukurirana, vatambi vanoona kusaruramisira vanowanzo kutsamwa, izvo zvinogona kuvaita kuti varambe chipo chaizobatsira, kungodzidzisa vamwe vatambi chidzidzo.
Imwe ongororo inoratidza basa remanzwiro i "Mutambo weKukundikana Kwemusika," umo vatambi vanotaurirana mumusika wekutengesa zvinhu. Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku inoratidza kuti kukundikana kwemusika kunowanzo kukonzerwa nekutya uye kusava nechokwadi, zvichikonzera zvisarudzo zvisina musoro zvakaita sekutengesa zvinhu pasi pemutengo wemusika kana kuchengeta zvinhu pasinei nekudiwa.
Mashandisirwo Anoshanda uye Zvazvinoreva Mudzidziso
Zvakawanikwa mudzidziso yemitambo uye zvepfungwa dzezvehupfumi zvine mashandisirwo akawanda, mumitemo yeruzhinji uye munyika yebhizinesi. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa zvinodiwa zvekubatsira vamwe uye kururamisira kunogona kubatsira kugadzira mitemo inoshanda yekugovera pfuma. Ruzivo rwepfungwa runogona kushandiswa kugadzira nzira dziri nani dzekuita sarudzo mumamiriro ekudyara mari, manejimendi enjodzi, uye dhizaini yemusika.
Munyika yebhizinesi, kushandiswa kwedzidziso yemitambo kunogona kubatsira makambani kugadzira nzira dzemitengo, kutaurirana zvibvumirano, uye kukwikwidzana pamusika. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yemabhanga, kunzwisisa kuti vatengi vanoita sei sarudzo zvichibva pamanzwiro uye rusaruro rwepfungwa kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemari zvinosangana zviri nani nezvinodiwa nevatengi.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yemitambo yakaita mipiro yakakosha mukunzwisisa kwedu maitiro evanhu mune zvehupfumi, kunyanya kana ikasanganiswa nepfungwa dzinobva mupfungwa. Nekushandisa mamodheru emitambo yehunyanzvi uye kuyedza mupfungwa dzezvehupfumi, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti sarudzo dzehupfumi dzinopesvedzerwa sei nezvinhu zvepfungwa zvakaita sezvinodiwa, rusaruro, manzwiro, uye tsika dzemagariro. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvine zvazvinoreva zvakawanda, muhurongwa hweveruzhinji uye mumamiriro ebhizinesi. Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekudyidzana kwevanhu mumamiriro ehupfumi kunogona kutibatsira kugadzira masisitimu nemapurogiramu akarongeka uye anoshanda zviri nani.
