Zvishandiso zveKudhinda Kwemifananidzo
Kudhinda hunyanzvi inzira yekushandura pfungwa inoonekwa kuita chimiro chemuviri chinogona kuonekwa, kubatwa, kuratidzwa, uye—kana zvichidikanwa—kudzokororwa pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwayo hweunyanzvi. Mukuita, kunaka kwechinyorwa hakungoonekwi chete nehunyanzvi hweunyanzvi asiwo nekusarudza michina yakakodzera. Kubva pahunyanzvi hwechinyakare hwakadai sekudzvanya zvakanyanya uye kudzvanya zvakadzama, kusvika kune tekinoroji yemazuva ano yedhijitari, chimwe nechimwe chinoda michina chaiyo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura maturusi akakosha ekudhinda hunyanzvi uye mabasa ahwo kuti maitiro acho ave anoshanda uye awane mhedzisiro yakanaka.
1. Zvishandiso Zvikuru Zvinowanzoshandiswa Mukudhinda Kwemifananidzo
Tisati tatanga kushandisa matekiniki chaiwo, kune zvimwe zvishandiso zvepakutanga zvinoshandiswa kakawanda munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudhinda.
a. Bepa rekudhinda
Bepa ndiro "danho" guru remabasa akadhindwa. Bepa remifananidzo rinowanzova negiramu yakakora uye fiber dzakasimba kuti dzikwanise kutsungirira kumanikidzwa, inki, uye kuoma. Mienzaniso inosanganisira bepa redonje, bepa rakadzvanywa nechando, kana bepa rekudhinda rakasiyana nemamwe rine magadzirirwo aro akasiyana. Kusarudzwa kwebepa kunokanganisa ruzivo, kupinza kwemitsara, uye kunaka kweruvara.
b. Inki nependi
Inki yekugadzira maprinta haina kufanana neinki yekudhinda yenguva dzose. Kune inki dzine mafuta, dzinowanzova dzakakora uye dzakasimba, uye inki dzine mvura, dziri nyore kuchenesa uye dzakakodzera mastudio madiki. Kune mamwe matekiniki, akadai semonoprint, pendi yeacrylic inowanzo shandiswa nekuwedzera medium kudzivirira kuoma.
c. Roller (brayer) nebanga repalette
Brayer inoshandiswa kuparadzira ingi zvakaenzana pamusoro pechinyorwa kana ndiro. Banga repalette rinobatsira kusanganisa, kukweva, uye kuparadzira ingi pamusoro pegirazi kana slab yeinki. Kusanganiswa kwezviviri izvi kwakakosha kuti ingi iwane ukobvu hwakafanana.
d. Girazi kana inki
Nzvimbo yakati sandara yakaita segirazi gobvu, acrylic, kana simbi inoshandiswa "kushanda" inki isati yashandiswa. Nzvimbo iyi inofanira kunge yakatsetseka kuitira kuti inki ipararire zvakaenzana.
2. Zvishandiso zveMatekiniki Ekudhinda Akanyanya (Relief Print)
Kudhinda zvine resolution yepamusoro inzira iyo zvikamu zvakasimudzwa zve cliche zvinogamuchira inki zvobva zvadhindwa papepa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira matanda akachekwa uye linocuts.
a. Huni kana kuti lino cliché (block yelinoleum)
Huni dzinopa tsanga yakasiyana, yechisikigo, nepo lino rakapfava uye riri nyore kuveza. Kusarudzwa kwechinhu kunosarudza magadzirirwo uye mwero wezvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa.
b. Zvirongo nemapanga ekuveza
Machisera eV-, U-, kana kuti akatsetseka anoshandiswa kuveza nzvimbo dzisingafanirwe kuvezwa. Hunhu hwechisera hunoratidza kuchena kwemitsetse uye kugadzikana kwebasa. Machisera akapinza anobvumira kuveza kwakanyatsojeka uye anoderedza njodzi yekutsvedza.
c. Chipunu chisina kuzara kana kuti chipunu (chekudhinda nemaoko)
Kana usina muchina wekudhindisa, vanyori vemifananidzo vanogona kushandisa baren (chishandiso chekukwiza chetsika) kana chipunu chekuisa simba pakudzvanya pakuisa inki papepa. Nzira iyi yakakodzera imba yekudhindisa, kunyangwe zvichida kushanda nesimba uye mwoyo murefu kuti ushandise simba rakafanana.
d. Muchina wekudhinda (muchina wekudhinda)
Kuti kugadzirwa kwacho kugadzikane, muchina uyu unomanikidza zvakafanana kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakafanana yekudhinda. Michina yakakosha yekudhinda yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kukuvadza izwi rechinyakare uye inokwanisa kudhinda yakawanda.
3. Zvishandiso zveIntaglio Printing Technique
Kudhinda zvakadzama kwakasiyana nekudhinda kwakanyanya: inki inodhonzwa munzvimbo dzakakombama dzeplate. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kutema, kuveza, uye kuoma.
a. Mahwendefa esimbi (mhangura, zinc, aruminiyamu)
Mhangura inozivikanwa nekuda kwekupfava kwayo uye kushanda kwayo, zinc inodhura zvishoma, uye aruminiyamu yakareruka uye iri nyore kugadzira. Rudzi rweplate runokanganisa mativi, kugara kwenguva refu, uye hunhu hwemutsara.
b. Kucheka tsono nemidziyo yekuveza
Tsono dzekubaya dzinoshandiswa kudhirowa pachigadziko chekudzivirira (pasi) ndiro isati yanyudzwa mumushonga wekubaya. Zvishandiso zvekubaya zvakaoma uye zvinoshandiswa kunyorera zvakananga paplate.
c. Mhinduro yekucheka nemidziyo yekuchengetedza
Kucheka kwechinyakare kunowanzo shandiswa makemikari anoparadza. Saka, zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza zvakaita semagirovhosi enitrile, magogorosi, masiki, uye kufefetera kwemu studio zvakakosha. Mastudio mazhinji emazuva ano ari kuchinja kune mhinduro dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda, asi nzira dzakachengeteka dzichiri kukosha.
d. Tarlatan nejira rekuchenesa
Chirabwe (jira rine mavara) chinoshandiswa kuchenesa pamusoro peplate mushure mekunge inki yapinda munzvimbo dzakakombama. Nzira yekupukuta inonyatsoona kuti print yacho inonzwa sei uye yakasiyana sei.
e. Intaglio press negumbeze
Michina yeIntaglio inowanzoshandisa maroller nemagumbeze akakosha kubatsira kusundira bepa muplate. Pasina muchina wakakodzera, zvakaoma zvikuru kuwana michina yakapinza uye ine hunhu hweintaglio.
4. Zvishandiso zveLithography uye Matekiniki ekudhinda paScreen
Kunze kwerelief neintaglio, dzimwe nzira mbiri dzakakurumbira ndeye lithography nekudhinda skrini.
a. Lithography (dombo kana ndiro)
Kugadzira matombo echinyakare kunoshandisa limestone (lithostone) nemakrayoni akakosha. Marudzi emazuva ano anoshandisa mapurati ealuminium. Midziyo mikuru inosanganisira makrayoni elithography, gum arabic, processing solution, ink rollers, uye lithography press.
b. Kudhinda sikirini (kudhinda sikirini)
Iyi nzira inochinjika zvikuru pakugadzira mifananidzo yemazuva ano.
Zvishandiso zvakakosha zvinosanganisira:
– Furemu yechidzitiro ine jira remambure (saizi dzakasiyana dzezvikamu zvitete kana nzvimbo dzakakura)
- Kudhinda emulsion uye exposure unit yekugadzira mastencil
- Squeegee yekudhirowa inki kuburikidza nechidzitiro
– Kudhinda tafura neglue (tepi/glue) kuchengetedza nzvimbo yepepa
- Inki yekudhinda pachikirini (yepurasitiki kana yemvura) zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neunyanzvi uye zvenhau
Kudhinda pachidzitiro kunoshanda zvakanaka pakupenda mavara emabhuroko, kuisa mavara muzvikamu, uye kudhinda kwakafanana.
5. Zvishandiso zvekudhinda zveDigital Fine Art
Munyika yemazuva ano yeunyanzvi, kudhinda kwedhijitari ndiyo sarudzo nekuti kunokurumidza, kwakarurama, uye kunogona kugadzira mifananidzo yemhando yepamusoro kana uchishandisa zviyero zveunyanzvi hwakanaka.
a. Fine art (giclée) inkjet printers
Maprinta eGiclée anowanzo shandisa inki dzepigment dzisingapedzisike. Inki idzi dzinopa kupatsanurwa kwakapfava, ruzivo rwakanyanya, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwemavara zvichienzaniswa neinki dzedhayi dzemazuva ano.
b. Zvishandiso zvekutarisa zvakagadziriswa uye zvekugadzirisa
Kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mavara anoenderana pakati pechidzitiro nechinyorwa, vagadziri vemifananidzo vanoda monitor ine mavara akarurama uye mudziyo wekugadzirisa mavara (colorimeter). Izvi zvinobatsira kuti pave nekubuda kwakafanana.
c. Mapurofayiri emavara (mapurofayiri eICC) uye software yekugadzira
Mapurogiramu akaita seAdobe Photoshop kana Illustrator, pamwe nekushandiswa kwemaprofile eICC, anoita basa guru mukugadzirisa mavara. Pasina kugadzirisa mavara zvakanaka, maprints anogona kunge akasviba zvakanyanya, asina kujeka, kana kuva neruvara rwakakanganisika.
d. Bepa rakanaka uye kanivhasi
Kudhinda kwedhijitari kweunyanzvi kunowanzo shandiswa bepa redonje, baryta, kana kanivhasi ye inkjet yakakosha. Nzvimbo dzakapfava dzinoita kuti zvive nyore kudhinda, nepo kudhinda kwe semi-gloss kuchigona kuwedzera ruzivo uye kusiyana.
6. Zvishandiso Zvinotsigira: Kupedzisa uye Kugadzirisa
Kana kudhinda kwapera, maitiro ekupedzisa anobatsira kuti basa rigare kwenguva refu uye ritaridzike sebasa rehunyanzvi.
a. Mucheki, rura resimbi, uye mubhedha wekucheka
Inoshandiswa kucheka bepa zvakanaka, kugadzira mipendero yechinyorwa, kana kugadzirisa saizi dzefuremu.
b. Chigadziko chekuomesa nekuomesa
Madhindi einki anotorwa nemafuta anotora nguva yakareba kuti aome. Raki yekuomesa inobatsira kudzivirira madhindi kuti asanamatirane, zvichiita kuti pamusoro payo pagare pakachena.
c. Kupfapfaidza kunodzivirira (kunogadzirisa/kuvanishi)
Kune mamwe mabasa, chifukidziro chekudzivirira chinobatsira kudzivirira kukwenya uye chinorebesa hupenyu hweruvara. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwacho kunofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nerudzi rweinki nepepa kudzivirira kukuvadza pamusoro.
d. Magorovhosi edonje nemaforodha ekuchengetedza zvinhu
Kuti zvichengeterwe, magirovhosi anodzivirira mafuta emaoko kuti asasvibise bepa. Maforodha ekuchengetedza asina asidhi anochengetedza basa rako rakasimba uye anodzivirira kuti risatsvedze.
Penutup
Zvishandiso zvekudhinda mifananidzo hazvisi zve "zvishandiso zvehunyanzvi" chete, asi chikamu chehurongwa hwehunyanzvi. Kusarudza tsika chaiyo, inki chaiyo, uye muchina wekudhindisa kana kudhinda unoenderana nehunhu hwemifananidzo zvichabatsira vaongorori kugadzira basa rakasimba, rinowirirana, uye rinogara kwenguva refu. Tekinoroji yemazuva ano inopa nyore uye kunyatsorongeka, nepo matekiniki echinyakare achipa magadzirirwo akasiyana, prints dzemaoko, uye kudzika. Pakupedzisira, zvishandiso zvakanakisa ndizvo zvinonyatsokodzera zvinangwa zvako zvekuona, zvishandiso zvestudio, uye maitiro ekugadzira.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuti chiite: matekiniki chaiwo (inocut chete/screen printing chete), mafomati ebasa rechikoro, kana kuwedzera runyorwa rwezvishandiso nemitengo inofungidzirwa muIndonesia.
