Zvishandiso zvekudzivirira zveSisitimu yeSimba reMagetsi
Masisitimu emagetsi ezuva (PLTS) ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya mudzimba, zvivakwa zvemabhizinesi, maindasitiri, nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Kunze kwekuva sosi yesimba yakachena uye yakawanda, PLTS inogonawo kuderedza mabhiri emagetsi uye kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka kwesimba. Zvisinei, semamwe masisitimu emagetsi, PLTS inosangana nenjodzi dzakasiyana-siyana: kukwira kwemagetsi, kuwanda kwemagetsi, mapfupi, kurohwa kwemheni isina kunanga, zvikanganiso zvekuiswa, uye kuora kwezvikamu nekuda kwekupisa nenzvimbo. Nokudaro, zvishandiso zvekudzivirira zvakakosha kuti sisitimu ishande yakachengeteka, yakagadzikana, uye inogara kwenguva refu.
Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura nezvemidziyo mikuru yekudzivirira mumagetsi ezuva, mashandiro ayo, uye misimboti inowanzo shandiswa pakuisa magetsi.
Sei Masisitimu Emagetsi Ezuva Achida Dziviriro?
Chigadziko chemagetsi ezuva (PLTS) chine zvikamu zvakati wandei: ma module emagetsi ezuva (PV), tambo dzeDC uye zvinobatanidza, bhokisi rekubatanidza, inverter, mabhatiri (kana ari hybrid/off-grid system), uye panel yekugovera AC yakabatana nemutoro kana grid yePLN. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana uye njodzi. Chikamu cheDC chinogona kuva nema voltages akakwira uye ma currents makuru anoramba achiyerera kana paine chiedza, saka kukanganiswa kwemagetsi uye kubata zvikanganiso zvakasiyana nezviri kudivi reAC. Panguva iyi, chikamu cheAC chinosangana nematambudziko akajairika ekuisa magetsi akadai se overcurrent, insulation failure, uye current leakage.
Pasina dziviriro yakakodzera, kukanganiswa kudiki kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwe inverter, kudzima waya, kudzima moto, kana kutoisa panjodzi kuchengetedzeka kwevanyanzvi nevanogara muchivako. Dziviriro yakakodzera inoitawo kuti kugadzirisa kuve nyore: sisitimu inogona kuparadzaniswa chikamu nechikamu, dambudziko rinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo, uye zvikamu zvinogona kutsiviwa zvakachengeteka.
1) Mafuyuzi eDC neAC
Mafuse ndiwo midziyo yekudzivirira iri nyore uye inonyanya kushandiswa. Basa rawo nderekukanganisa magetsi kana paine overcurrent kana short circuit. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi ezuva (PLTS), mafuse eDC anowanzoiswa patambo yega yega yepanel (nhevedzano yemamodule) vasati vapinda mucombiner box kana inverter. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti kana tambo imwe ikasangana nedambudziko, reverse current kubva kune dzimwe tambo inogona kuyerera ichienda kutambo yakakuvara yopisa tambo kana maconnector.
Fuse yeAC inoiswa parutivi rwekubuda kweinverter kudzivirira AC circuit kubva pakuwandisa kwemagetsi. Kusarudzwa kwefuse kunofanirwa kufunga nezvekuyera kwemagetsi, kugona kwayo kutyoka, uye kukodzera kwayo DC kana AC. Mafuse eDC haagone kungotsiviwa nemafuse eAC nekuti kudzima arc yeDC kwakaoma.
2) MCB neMCCB (Circuit Breaker)
MaMCB (Miniature Circuit Breakers) uye maMCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breakers) anoshanda sedziviriro ye overcurrent uye short-circuit, uye anogonawo kushandiswa semanual breakers. Kudivi reAC, maMCB anowanzo shandiswa kuma load circuits uye ma distribution lines. Kudivi reDC, kune maDC MCB akagadzirirwa DC voltages uye arc characteristics.
Chinhu chakanaka che circuit breakers kupfuura fuses ndechekuti dzinogona kugadziriswazve mushure mekugumburwa (chero bedzi chikonzero chekukanganisa chagadziriswa). Zvisinei, kuiswa kwe solar PV kunowanzo sanganisa fuses nema circuit breakers zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pakugadzira, current ratings, uye string configuration.
3) SPD (Chishandiso Chekudzivirira Kukwira) kana Voltage Surge Arrestor
MaSPD anodzivirira michina kubva pakukwira kwemagetsi kwenguva pfupi kunokonzerwa nemheni isina kunanga, kuchinjana kwemutoro mukuru, kana kusagadzikana kwegrid. Kukwira kwemagetsi kunogona kukuvadza ma inverter, ma MPPT, masisitimu ekutarisa, uye zvishandiso zvekutaurirana. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi ezuva (PLTS), maSPD anowanzoiswa pa:
– Kurutivi rweDC: pedyo nebhokisi rekubatanidza kana inverter input (SPD DC).
– Rutivi rweAC: pane inverter output distribution panel (SPD AC).
– Nzira yekutaurirana: ethernet/RS485 kana paine michina yekutarisa isina kusimba.
Kusarudzwa kweSPD kunotarisa kirasi (Rudzi 1/Rudzi 2), voltage yesystem, uye kugona kwesimba remagetsi. Kune nzvimbo dzine njodzi huru yemheni kana zvivakwa zvine masisitimu ekudzivirira mheni, kubatana pakati peSPD nesystem yekudzika kwakakosha.
4) RCD/ELCB/RCCB (Dziviriro Yekudonha Kwemvura Pari Zvino)
RCD (Residual Current Device) kana ELCB/RCCB inoona kubuda kwemagetsi pasi, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuvhunduka kwemagetsi kana moto. Muma AC systems, maRCD anowanzo shandiswa kudzivirira vanhu kubva pakusangana zvisina kunanga. Muma solar power plants, kushandiswa kwawo kunoda kutariswa kwemhando ye inverter (transformerless kana transformerless) uye mukana wekuti DC leakage components dzinogona kukanganisa mashandiro eRCD.
Mune mamwe masisitimu, mhando chaiyo yeRCD (semuenzaniso, mhando A kana mhando B) inoshandiswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemugadziri weinverter uye mitemo yekuisa. Izvi zvinoita kuti RCD isagumburwe zvisiri izvo asi inoramba ichishanda kana paine njodzi yekubuda kwemvura.
5) DC Isolator (DC Disconnect Switch)
DC isolator iswichi inobvumira mainjiniya kubvisa zvakachengeteka kubatana pakati pema solar panels ne inverter. Izvi zvakakosha panguva yekugadzirisa inverter, kutsiva zvikamu, kana kuongororwa. Nekuti divi rePV richaramba richigadzira magetsi kana rakaiswa pachiedza, kudzima kwakachengeteka uye kwakanyorwa zvakajeka kunodzivirira njodzi yekuvhunduka kwemagetsi uye DC arcing.
Zvigadziriso zveDC zvinofanirwa kunge zvine voltage yakakodzera uye current ratings uye zvakagadzirirwa DC kuti ibvise arc. Zvinowanzo kuwanikwa pedyo ne inverter, uye mune mamwe magadzirirwo, zvinowanikwawo mu combiner box.
6) Dziviriro yeBhatiri: BMS, Mafusi, uye Macircuit Breakers
Mumasystem anoshandisa mabhatiri (asiri pagrid kana kuti akasanganiswa), kuchengetedzwa kwemabhatiri kwakakosha nekuti mabhatiri anochengetedza simba rakawanda uye anogona kuburitsa ma currents akakwira zvikuru panguva ye short circuits. Midziyo inodzivirira inowanzo sanganisira:
– BMS (Battery Management System): inoongorora voltage yesero rega rega, tembiricha, chaji/discharge current, uye inodzima kana ma parameter akadarika miganhu yakachengeteka.
– Fuse kana DC circuit breaker iri patambo yebhatiri: inodzivirira tambo nemidziyo kubva kuma short circuit currents.
– Contactor kana relay: inobvumira kudzima otomatiki mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika.
Dziviriro iyi inobatsira kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya, kukuvara kwemasero, uye njodzi yekurasa simba remagetsi mune mamwe marudzi emabhatiri.
7) Kugadzira Ivhu (Kugadzira/Kugadzira Ivhu) uye Kubatanidza
Kuisa pasi hakusi kungoisa tambo muvhu chete, asi sisitimu yakagadzirirwa kupinza zvakanaka mafungu emagetsi, kuderedza ma voltage ekubata, uye kuwedzera kushanda kweSPDs nekudzivirira kubuda kwesimba remagetsi. Mumafekitori emagetsi ezuva, kuisa pasi kunosanganisira:
- Kuisa pasi furemu yemodule uye chimiro chekuisa
- Kuisa pasi kwe inverter nepaneru yemagetsi
- Kubatana pakati pezvikamu zvesimbi kudzivirira mutsauko ungangoitika
Dhizaini yegrounding inokanganiswa nerudzi rwesystem (grid-tie, hybrid), inverter type, uye local standards. grounding isina kunaka inogona kuita kuti SPD isashande uye kuwedzera njodzi yekukuvara panguva yekukwira kwesimba.
8) Kudzivirirwa Kwekupisa uye Kutarisirwa Kwetambo
Kunze kwemidziyo yemagetsi, zvinhu zvemakanika nekupisa zvine basa guru. Tambo dzeDC dzinoiswa muzuva, zvinobatanidza zvisina kusimba, kana kuti tambo dzakanyatsoiswa zvakanaka dzinogona kukonzera kupisa, kuora kwekudzivirira kupisa, uye moto. Saka, mamwe matanho akakosha ekudzivirira anosanganisira:
- Kusarudzwa kwetambo dzePV dzine UV uye insulation inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya
- Kushandisa ma "conduit" kana "cable protectors" munzvimbo dzine njodzi
– Ronga tambo kuitira kuti dzisabatidzwe, dzisanamatira pamipendero yakapinza, uye dzisanyanya kusvuta.
- Tarisa kuti chinobatanidza cheMC4 (kana chakafanana) chinoenderana uye chakaiswa zvichienderana netorque.
Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezviri nyore, tsika iyi inowanzova kiyi yekuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
Nheyo dzeKuisa Dziviriro Yakanaka
Kazhinji, dziviriro inoiswa pedyo nepanogona kuwanikwa fault kana simba: string fuses pedyo ne combiner, SPDs pedyo ne inverter/panel, battery breakers pedyo nebhatiri, uye isolators panzvimbo dziri nyore kusvika kana paine emergency. Uyezve, kubatana pakati pemidziyo kwakakosha: ratings dzeMCB, fuses, uye cables dzinofanira kurongeka kuitira kuti mudziyo uri pedyo nefault uputsike, pane kudzima system yese.
Magwaro chikamu chekudzivirira: mavara, madhayagiramu emutsetse mumwe chete, uye nzira dzekudzima nekukurumidza zvinobatsira mainjiniya nevashandisi kuti vaite nekukurumidza uye zvakachengeteka.
Penutup
Midziyo yekudzivirira yesimba rezuva inzira yekudyara inosarudza kuchengetedzeka, kuvimbika, uye hupenyu hwemudziyo. Mafuse, maMCB/MCCB, maSPD, maRCD, maDC isolators, dziviriro yemabhatiri kuburikidza neBMS, uye kudzika kwakakodzera zvinhu zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kurongwa kubva pakutanga kwekugadzira. Nedziviriro yakakodzera uye kuiswa kwakajairika, sisitimu yesimba rezuva haingoburitse simba rakachena chete asiwo inoshanda zvakachengeteka uye isina kukanganiswa kwenguva refu.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuita shanduro yehunyanzvi (nemienzaniso yezvirongwa zvekudzivirira uye mazano akajairika ekuyera) kana shanduro iri nyore kune vanoverenga vasingawanzo.
