Matabhu anodiwa pakushandisa solar panel system
Muhurongwa hwe solar panel (PLTS), tambo dzinowanzoonekwa sezvinhu zviri nyore—asi dzinoita basa rakakosha mukushanda zvakanaka kwehurongwa, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuvimbika. Kusarudza mhando yetambo isiriyo kana saizi ye cross-sectional kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nemagetsi (kudonha kwevoltage), kupisa zvakanyanya, uye kunyange njodzi yemoto. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mhando dzetambo dzinodiwa mu solar panel system, mabasa adzo, uye zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuisa zvakanaka uye zvakachengeteka.
1. Sei kusarudza tambo dzemagetsi ezuva kuchikosha?
Sisitimu ye solar panel inopa magetsi eDC (direct current) kubva kuma solar modules kuenda kune zvimwe zvishandiso zvakaita se combiner boxes, charge controllers, inverters, uye pakupedzisira ku load kana power grid. Current inogona kuva yakakura, kunyanya muma low-voltage systems (semuenzaniso, 12V kana 24V). Kana tambo dziri diki zvakanyanya, resistance yemagetsi inowedzera, zvichiita kuti tambo dzipise uye zvichikonzera kudzikira kwevoltage, izvo zvinoderedza mashandiro.
Uyezve, kuiswa kwema solar panel kunowanzoitwa panze, kuchiratidzwa nemwaranzi yeUV, mvura, hunyoro, uye kuchinja kwakanyanya kwekushisa. Saka, tambo dzinofanira kunge dzisingagoni kunyura mumamiriro ekunze, dzisingapindi UV, uye dziine insulation inosangana nezvinodiwa nemagetsi eDC.
2. Waya yakakosha yeDC yema solar panels (PV Cable)
Waya inonyanya kushandiswa mumagetsi ezuva iwaya yePV, inowanzonzi waya yezuva. Iyi iwaya ine core imwe chete yakagadzirirwa kufambisa magetsi eDC kubva mumapaneru. Hunhu hwayo hukuru ndeihu:
– Inodzivirira UV uye mamiriro ekunze: yakakodzera kuiswa padenga remba kana munzvimbo dzakashama.
– Kudzivirira kaviri: kazhinji kacho kune jekete rekunze uye kudzivirira kwemukati kuti zvive zvakachengeteka zvakanyanya.
– Kudzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya: kazhinji kwakagadzirirwa kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupisa.
– Inodzivirira kukwesha: haikurumidzi kukuvadzwa nekukweshana nefuremu kana nzira yetambo.
Tambo yePV inoshandiswa pakubatanidza:
- kubva panel kuenda panel (tambo)
- kubva patambo kuenda kubhokisi rekubatanidza
- kubva kubhokisi rekubatanidza kuenda kuinverter (chikamu cheDC)
Saizi dzinowanzo shandiswa i4 mm² ne6 mm², asi saizi yakakodzera inofanira kuverengerwa zvichienderana nemagetsi emagetsi akawandisa, kureba kwetambo, uye muganho wekurasikirwa kwemagetsi unobvumirwa.
3. Tambo yetambo yesolar panel uye chinongedzo cheMC4
Mukuisa ma solar panel, ma intermodule connections anowanzo shandisa MC4 (kana kuti inoenderana). Ma PV cables anowanzo shandiswa pama panels, asi kana achiwedzera daro, mamwe ma PV cables ane MC4 connectors anodiwa.
Zvinhu zvekucherechedza:
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti chinobatanidza cheMC4 chemhando yepamusoro uye chinozadzisa zvinodiwa, nekuti kubatana kwakasununguka kunogona kukonzera kupisa (nzvimbo dzinopisa).
– Usasanganisa zvinobatanidza kubva kumhando dzakasiyana kana zvisingaenderane, sezvo izvi zvinogona kukonzera kusabatana kwakarurama.
– Shandisa chishandiso chakakosha chekukombamisa kuitira kuti mapini ekubatanidza aiswe zvakasimba uye asasununguke zviri nyore.
MC4 pachayo haisi waya, asi mudziyo une hukama hwepedyo nekuti ndiyo "connector" huru kudivi reDC repaneru.
4. Tambo yebhatiri
Kune masisitimu ezuva ePV anoshandisa mabhatiri asiri pagrid kana hybrid, tambo dzebhatiri ndidzo dzinonyanya kukosha mushure metambo dzePV. Kusiyana nedivi repaneru, tambo dzebhatiri dzine simba guru, kunyanya kana inverter ichitora simba rakawanda.
Hunhu hwetambo yebhatiri yakanaka:
– Fiber yakanaka (inochinjika): inoita kuti kuiswa kuve nyore uye inodzivirira kudedera.
– Chikamu chikuru: chinogona kuva 16 mm², 25 mm², 35 mm², 50 mm², kana kutopfuura, zvichienderana nekugona kweinverter uye sisitimu yebhatiri.
– Kudzivirira kupisa kwakakora uye kunodzivirira kupisa: nekuti mafungu emvura akakwira anogona kukonzera kupisa.
Tambo dzebhatiri dzinoshandiswa pakubatanidza:
- bhatiri rinotonga kuchaja (kana solar charge controller)
- bhatiri ku inverter
– pakati pemabhatiri (akatevedzana/akafanana)
Muchikamu chino, kusarudza saizi yetambo kunofanira kungwarira. Zvikanganiso zvinowanzo sanganisira kushandisa tambo diki zvakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kudzikira kwemagetsi, ma inverter ane voltage shoma kakawanda, kana ma terminals emabhatiri anopisa.
5. Tambo yeAC (yedivi rekubuditsa inverter)
Kana simba reDC kubva kumapaneru nemabhatiri rachinjwa kuita AC ne inverter, chinobuda chinoshandisa waya dzeAC dzakajairwa. Rudzi rwewaya runoenderana nekushandiswa kwaro:
– NYM: inowanikwa mukuisa dzimba mumapombi/migero kana munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa.
– NYY: yakakodzera kushandiswa panze kana nzvimbo dzinoda dziviriro yakasimba.
– Tambo dzinochinjika (semuenzaniso NYAF kana tambo dzakavharirwa): dzinowanzo shandiswa mumapaneru emagetsi kana mitsetse inoda kuchinjika.
Tambo dzeAC dzinoshandiswa pa:
- inverter kuenda kupaneru yekugovera (MCB/ELCB)
- panel yekugovera zvinhu zvemumba/muzvivakwa
- sisitimu yekubatanidza kune network yePLN (pa-grid/hybrid system zvinoenderana nemitemo)
Kudivi reAC, mitemo yekuchengetedza yakaita segrounding, ELCB/RCD, uye circuit breakers (MCB) inofanirawo kufungwa nezvayo.
6. Tambo yekudzika pasi
Masisitimu e solar panel anoda kuisirwa pasi kuti achengetedzeke, adzivirirwe nemheni, uye aderedze njodzi yekuvhundutswa nemagetsi nekuda kwekubuda kwe insulation. Waya yekuisira pasi inowanzova yegirini-yero uye inobatanidza:
- furemu ye solar module (furemu)
- chimiro chekuisa
- muviri we inverter nepaneru yemagetsi
- sisitimu yekudzivirira mheni (kana iripo) kutsvimbo yekudzika
Tambo dzinodzika pasi dzinogona kunge dziri dzemhangura kana dzemhangura isina chinhu (BC), zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwadzo. Saizi yadzo inoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza munharaunda, asi musimboti ndewekuti dzinofanira kunge dzakakura zvakakwana uye dziine kubatana kwakasimba, kunodzivirira ngura.
7. Tambo dzekutaurirana nedze sensor (sarudzo)
Mamwe masisitimu emazuva ano anoda tambo dzekuwedzera dzedata nekutarisa, semuenzaniso:
- Tambo yeRS485 ye inverter kuenda ku logger/kutarisa kutaurirana
- Tambo yeLAN yekubatanidza internet
- tambo yekuona magetsi (CT clamp) yekuverenga simba rekutumira nekuburitsa zvinhu kunze kwenyika
- tambo yekuona tembiricha yebhatiri pane mamwe ma controller ekuchaja
Tambo idzi hadzina simba rakawanda, asi dzichiri kukosha kuti pave nehurongwa hwekutarisa hwakarurama uye hwakagadzikana.
8. Sarudza saizi yetambo: current, urefu, uye voltage drop
Kuziva saizi yetambo kunofanirwa kuenderana ne:
1. Kuwanda kwemagetsi (A) kuchapfuura
2. Kureba kwetambo (m) kuenda nekudzoka (kutenderera)
3. Muganho wekudonha kwevoltage unodiwa unowanzova 1–3% kudivi reDC kuti urambe uchishanda zvakanaka.
Kana tambo yakareba, kurasikirwa kwemagetsi kunowedzera. Mhinduro dzekuderedza kurasikirwa kwemagetsi dzinosanganisira kuwedzera chikamu chetambo kana kuwedzera voltage yesystem (semuenzaniso, kubva pa12V kusvika pa24V/48V). Kazhinji, kushandisa tambo hombe kunodhura, asi kunochengetedza simba uye kunoderedza njodzi yekupisa zvakanyanya.
9. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha: kusarudzwa kwezvinhu uye mhando
– Mhangura vs. aruminiyamu: Mhangura ine conductivity iri nani uye inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumagetsi ezuva, kunyanya mumabhatiri netambo dzePV. Aruminiyamu yakachipa asi inoda nzira dzakanyanya dzekugumisa.
– Chitupa/zvinodiwa: shandisa tambo dzine zvirevo zvakajeka, kwete tambo "dzisina kurongeka" dzisina UV resistance ratings kana dzisina ruzivo rwekushanda kwetembiricha.
– Kutarisira tambo: shandisai mugero wemagetsi, tireyi yetambo, kana maclamp asingapindi UV kuti tambo dzigare dzakachena uye dzisabviswe nyore nyore.
- Dziviriro: iva nechokwadi chekuti sisitimu inoshandisa DC circuit breaker (fuse) uye surge protection (SPD) sezvinodiwa.
Mhedziso
Tambo dziri mu solar panel system dzinopfuura kungobatanidza chete; zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosarudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuchengetedzeka. Kazhinji, uchada: Tambo yePV yeDC side yepaneru, tambo yebhatiri yakakura yesystem yekuchengetera, tambo yeAC ye inverter output, tambo yekudzika pasi yekuchengetedza, uye tambo yekutaurirana kana system ichitsigira kutarisa. Nekusarudza mhando yetambo yakakodzera, saizi yakakodzera, uye mhando yakavimbiswa, solar panel system yako inogona kushanda zvakadzikama, kuderedza kupindira, uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kukubatsirai kuti mupe mazano ehukuru hwetambo zvichienderana nedata resystem yenyu (simba repaneru, voltage yesystem, daro repaneru-inverter, rudzi rweinverter, uye kana ichishandisa mabhatiri).
