Turbine yemhepo Nacelle nezvikamu zvayo
Mumasystem emazuva ano emhepo, nacelle ndiyo "injini" iri pamusoro peshongwe, zvakananga kumashure kwerotor (banga). Kunyange zvazvo shongwe inoshanda sechivako chinotsigira uye rotor ichibata simba remhepo, nacelle ndiyo nzvimbo yekushandura simba: ndipo panoshandurwa simba remuchina kubva pakutenderera kwerotor kuita simba remagetsi, rinodzorwa, rinotariswa, uye rinochengetwa kuti rive nechokwadi chekuti rinoshanda zvakachengeteka mumamiriro ese ekunze. Nekuda kwebasa rayo rinokosha, dhizaini yenacelle inofanira kufunga nezvekushanda zvakanaka, kugara kwenguva refu, nyore kugadzirisa, uye kuchengetedzeka.
Pachitarisiko, nacelle yakafanana nebhokisi refu kana kapisiyumu inodzivirira zvikamu zvemukati kubva kunaya, guruva, ngura, uye kuchinja kwekupisa. Ine masisitimu akasiyana-siyana ekutumira, majenareta, masisitimu ekudzora, kutonhora, mafuta ekuzora, uye midziyo yekuchengetedza. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandiro enacelle nezvikamu zvakakosha, kusanganisira mashandiro anoita chikamu chimwe nechimwe chose.
Basa Guru reNacelle
Basa re nacelle rinogona kupfupikiswa munzvimbo huru ina. Chekutanga, inodzivirira zvikamu kubva kune nharaunda yekunze—mhepo ine simba, mvura ine munyu (pama turbine ekunze), uye zvidimbu zveguruva zvinogona kukurumidzisa kupera kana zvikasagadziriswa. Chechipiri, inotsigira uye inogadzirisa zvikamu zvemakanika zvakaita sema shafts, ma gearbox, uye majenareta kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zviri muhurongwa hwakakodzera uye kuderedza kudedera. Chechitatu, inobatanidza masisitimu ekudzora nekuchengetedza, kubva kuma sensor emhepo kusvika kuma braking mechanisms ekukurumidzira. Chechina, inoita kuti kushanda nekugadzirisa kuve nyore, sezvo zvikamu zvakakosha zviri munzvimbo imwe chete isina mukana wakakwana wekupinda (masuo ebasa, ma cranes emukati, nzira dzekuongorora).
Chifukidziro cheNacelle uye Chimiro cheBhedhi
Chinhu chinonyanya kuonekwa pa nacelle chifukidziro che nacelle (kana imba). Chinowanzo gadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa kana simbi dzakareruka dzakasimba, dzisingakanganiswi nengura, uye dzinofamba nemhepo. Chifukidziro ichi hachingogumiri pakunaka chete asiwo chinoderedza kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze uye chinobatsira kutungamira kufamba kwemhepo kudzivirira kuvhiringika kwakanyanya.
Mukati mune mubhedha—furemu kana "uriri hwechimiro" hunoshanda sehwaro hwekuisa zvinhu zvinorema zvakaita segiya remagetsi nejenareta. Bhedhi rinofanira kunge rakasimba zvakanyanya kuderedza kutsauka uye kuchengetedza kurongeka kwezvikamu, sezvo kunyangwe kusarongeka kudiki kunogona kutungamira mukuzunguzika kwakanyanya, kupisa zvakanyanya, uye kutadza kushanda kwebearing.
Rotor Hub, Main Shaft, uye Main Bearings
Simba remhepo rinobatwa nemaburi oendeswa ku rotor hub. Hub inobatanidza maburi kune system inotenderera uye inotumira torque ku main shaft. Main shaft inobva yaendesa simba remuchina ku gearbox kana zvakananga ku generator, zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwe turbine.
Mugodhi mukuru unotsigirwa nemabheya makuru. Mabheya aya akakosha nekuti anotsungirira mutoro wakabatana: mutoro weaxial (pamwe neshaft) uye mutoro we radial (wakatarisana neshaft) nekuda kwekumanikidzwa nemhepo uye huremu hwerotor. Hunhu hwemabheya uye sisitimu yavo yemafuta zvakakosha pakushanda kweturbine, sezvo kutadza kwebheya kuri chikonzero chikuru chekudhura kwenguva yekushanda.
Bhokisi reGiya (PamaTurbines erudzi rweGiya)
Maturbine emhepo mazhinji anoshandisa magiya egiya kuwedzera kumhanya kwerotor kunonoka kusvika pakumhanya kwakanyanya kunodiwa nejenareta. Semuenzaniso, rotor inogona kutenderera pamakumi erpm, nepo jenareta ichishanda zvakanaka pamazana kusvika kuzviuru zverpm (zvichienderana nerudzi).
Mabhokisi egiya zvinhu zvakaoma kushanda pasi pemitoro yakasiyana-siyana uye inochinja-chinja. Saka, magiya egiya anoda:
- Sisitimu yemafuta yakavimbika kudzivirira kusakara kwemagiya,
- Sisitimu yekutonhodza yekubvisa kupisa,
- Kusefa mafuta kuchengetedza kuchena kwemvura,
- Kutarisa kudedera kwemazino kuti uone kukuvara kwekutanga (semuenzaniso maburi emazino).
Mamwe maturbine emazuva ano anoshandisa dhizaini yedhiraivha yakananga (isina giya regiya) kuderedza kuoma, asi izvi zvinowanzoda jenareta yakakura uye sisitimu yemagineti yakasiyana.
Jenareta: Inoshandura Simba reMichina kuita Simba reMagetsi
Jenareta ndiyo musimboti wekushandurwa kwesimba remagetsi. Kana shaft (yakananga kana kuburikidza negiya regiya) ichitenderedza rotor yejenareta, simba remagineti nemakoiri zvinogadzira magetsi. Majenareta emhepo anouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira:
– Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) pama turbine akawanda ane magiya,
– Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) inowanzo shandiswa pakutyaira zvakananga kana pamagetsi emazuva ano anoshanda zvakanyanya.
Majenareta anogadzira kupisa, saka anoda kutonhora (mhepo kana mvura) uye kutarisa tembiricha. Kugadzikana kwevoltage inobuda uye frequency hazvingotsamiri pajenareta chete asiwo pasystem yekushandura simba remagetsi.
Simba Rinoshandura uye Simba Rinochinja
Sezvo kumhanya kwemhepo kuchichinja-chinja, kutenderera kwerotor uye hunhu hwemagetsi hwejenareta zvinochinjawo. Kuti magetsi aendeswe kugrid padanho remhando yepamusoro, turbine inoshandisa power converter (inverter/rectifier uye power electronics control). Iyo converter inodzora:
- voltage,
- kakawanda,
- simba,
- uye ita shuwa kuti grid iri kuenderana.
Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, nacelle inewo transformer (kunyanya mune mamwe magadzirirwo), kunyange zvazvo mumaturbine mazhinji transformer huru inoiswa pasi peshongwe kana pane imwe puratifomu nekuda kwehuremu uye mukana wekugadzirisa.
Sisitimu yeYaw: Yakatarisana neWindward
Kuti rotor ikwanise kubata simba rakawanda, nacelle inofanira kutarisana nemhepo. Basa iri rinoitwa nehurongwa hwe yaw, hune:
– mota yekutyaira yaw (yaw drive motor),
– giya remakushe/ringi (giya hombe),
– kutakura yaw (kutakura yaw kwakakura),
- uye kudzora kumhanya kwemhepo kunobva pakuona mhepo.
Sisitimu yeyaw inoshanda nekugadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo ye nacelle. Kufamba-famba kwakawanda kana kwehasha kunogona kuwedzera kupera. Nokudaro, maalgorithms ekudzora yaw anowanzo sarudza chibvumirano pakati pe "kutarisana nemhepo nemazvo sezvinobvira" uye "kuderedza mutoro wemakanika."
Sisitimu yeKukwira: Kugadzirisa Angle yeBlade
Mukati mehub uye zvakabatanidzwa nezvinodzora zviri mu nacelle mune sisitimu yepitch, iyo inodzora kona yemashizha e turbine. Pitch inoshanda ku:
- gadzirisa simba rinobatwa nekumhanya kwemhepo iri pakati nepakati,
- deredza simba kana mhepo ine simba kuitira kuti usapfuure chiyero,
- uye kuita "kutenderera" (kutenderedza mashizha kuderedza simba remhepo) mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi.
Ma "pitch actuators" anogona kunge ari e hydraulic kana emagetsi. Masisitimu e "pitch" anowanzova ne "power backup" (semuenzaniso, bhatiri) kuti mapanga acho agare zvakanaka kana magetsi akadzimwa.
Mabhureki (Sisitimu yeMabhureki) uye Kuchengetedzwa
Maturbine emhepo anoda sisitimu yekubhureka pakushanda uye pamamiriro ekukurumidzira. Kazhinji, kune zvikamu zviviri:
1. Kubhuroka kwemhepo nepaipi yemhepo (kutenderedza mashizha kuitira kuti simba remhepo riderere zvakanyanya).
2. Mabhureki emakanika (mabhureki edhisiki) ari pama axles anomhanya zvakanyanya kana zvimwe zvikamu zviri mudrivetrain kuti amise kutenderera panguva yekugadzirisa kana yenjodzi.
Pamusoro pezvo, nacelle ine zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchengetedza zvakaita semasensa anomhanyisa zvakanyanya, dziviriro yekupisa kwakanyanya, masisitimu ekudzima moto (kunyanya pamaturbine makuru), uye maitiro ekudzima otomatiki.
Masisitimu Ekutonhodza uye Ekufema
Zvinhu zvakaita sejenareta, chinoshandura, uye giya remagetsi zvinopa kupisa. Saka, nacelle ine sisitimu yekutonhodza ine:
- chinochinja kupisa,
- feni yekufema,
- chinotonhodza mafuta chebhokisi remagiya,
- kana sisitimu yekutonhodza yemvura yezvikamu zvemagetsi zvine simba.
Kudzora hunyoro kwakakoshawo kudzivirira kunyorova kunogona kukanganisa magetsi uye kukurumidzisa ngura.
Kuzora, Kugadzira MaHydraulics, uye Kusefa
Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti masisitimu emakanika anogara kwenguva refu, nacelle ine sisitimu yekuzora iri pakati nepakati—kunyanya yegiya remagiya, mabheringi, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekukweshana. Mamwe magadzirirwo anosanganisirawo masisitimu ehydraulic ekupitch, mabhureki, kana mamwe ma actuator. Kusefa mafuta kwakakosha, sezvo kusvibiswa nezvidimbu zvidiki kunogona kukurumidzisa kupfeka kwemagiya uye mabheringi.
Sensors, SCADA, uye Kutarisa Mamiriro Ezvinhu
Maturbine emazuva ano anowanzo kuve neSCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) kuti atarise mashandiro uye mashandiro ekudzora ari kure. Nacelle ine masensa akasiyana-siyana, akadai se:
– anemometer (kumhanya kwemhepo) uye wind vane (gwara remhepo),
- ma sensor e vibration ari pabhokisi remagiya nejenareta,
- sensor yekupisa kwemafuta uye kudzvanywa,
- sensor yemagetsi/voltage,
– pamwe chete nehurongwa hwekuona kutadza nekukurumidza (kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu).
Ruzivo runobva kumasensa runobatsira vanogadzira kuti vagadzirise zvinhu vasati vafanotaura: kugadziriswa kunoitwa kukuvara kukuru kusati kwaitika, zvichideredza nguva yekushanda uye mari inoshandiswa.
Kuwana Kugadzirisa: Crane Yemukati uye Nzira Yekuongorora
Nekuda kwekukwirira kwayo, kuwana nzira yekugadzirisa kwakaoma. MaNacelles anowanzo shongedzerwa nemacrane emukati kana nzvimbo dzekusimudza kuti afambise zvimwe zvikamu. Nzira dzekuongorora, mwenje, mapaneru ekuchengetedza, uye marongero etambo nemapaipi zvakagadzirwa kuti zvibvumire mainjiniya kushanda zvakachengeteka uye zvinobudirira.
Mhedziso
Nacelle yemhepo inotenderera ndiyo nzvimbo inoshanda, inosanganisa masisitimu emakanika, emagetsi, ekudzora, uye ekuchengetedza kuita unit imwe chete, yakachengetedzwa. Inosanganisira chigadziko chemubhedha chechimiro, shaft huru nemabheringi, gearbox (mumagiya eturbine), jenareta, power converter, masisitimu eyaw nepitch, mabhureki, kutonhora, lubrication, uye masensa akatevedzana akabatana neSCADA. Kushanda kweturbine kunonyanya kutariswa nekuvimbika kwezvikamu zvenacelle uye kunaka kwekubatanidzwa kwazvo. Kana nacelle yakagadzirwa, ichitariswa, uye ichichengetwa zviri nani, kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, kuchengetedzeka, uye hupenyu hwebasa hweturbine yemhepo kunowedzera.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzira vhezheni yechinyorwa chino nemisoro midiki yehunyanzvi, ine madhayagiramu emagetsi anoyerera (mhepo → rotor → drivetrain → generator → converter → grid) kana kutarisa pakuenzanisa direct drive vs. gearbox.
