Kuvaka uye Kushanda kweMahubhu eWind Turbine
Mumasystem emazuva ano emhepo, vanhu vanowanzo tarisa shongwe refu, maburi marefu, kana jenareta inogadzira magetsi. Zvisinei, pane chimwe chinhu chine basa rakakosha asi rinowanzo furatirwa: hub yemhepo. Hub ndiyo "bhiriji" guru pakati pemaburi emhepo nedrivetrain mukati me nacelle. Inogamuchira mitoro mikuru yemhepo kubva kumaburi, yoiendesa kushaft, uye inoshanda senzvimbo yekubatanidza masisitimu akasiyana-siyana akadai sekudzora pitch, masensa, uye zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura zvizere nezvekuvakwa kwehub, mashandiro ayo, zvinhu zvayo, uye matambudziko ekugadzira.
1. Kunzwisisa MaHub eWind Turbine
Hub chikamu chechimiro chiri pakati pe rotor ye wind turbine, uko mapanga anosungirirwa uye anotenderera. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, hub inogona kufungidzirwa se "musoro" we rotor. Muma horizontal-axis wind turbines anoshandiswa zvakanyanya (HAWTs), hub iri pamberi pe nacelle uye yakabatana zvakananga ku main shaft. Kana mhepo ichiita kuti mapanga acho akwire, simba iroro rinopfuudzwa kuburikidza nemudzi we blade kuenda ku hub, uye wobva waenda ku shaft ne transmission/generator system.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagadzirirwo erotor—semuenzaniso, maburi maviri kana matatu—asi mazhinji ematurbine ekutengesa anoshandisa maburi matatu nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwesimba rawo, kushanda zvakanaka, uye ruzha. Magadzirirwo aya anokanganisa chimiro nekugadzirwa kwehub.
2. Basa Guru reWind Turbine Hub
Basa rehubhu harisi kungoisa blade chete. Rine mabasa makuru mashanu:
1. Kubatanidza banga nehurongwa hunotenderera
Hub iyi inopa kubatana kwakasimba pakati pemabhura neshaft huru. Kubatana uku kunofanirwa kukwanisa kutsungirira torque yakakwira uye mutoro unodzokororwa muhupenyu hwese hweturbine (makore 20-25).
2. Kutumira mitoro yemhepo ine simba uye mitoro yegiravhiti
Mapazi aya anosangana nekusundidzirwa, masimba ekutenderera (anogadzira torque), uye mutoro wegiravhiti paanenge achitenderera. Hub inotamisa mitoro iyi yese kuenda kudrivetrain uye chimiro chenacelle.
3. Musha wehurongwa hwekukanda bhora
Mumaturbine emazuva ano, kona yekurwisa yeblade inodzorwa nehurongwa hwekukanda. Magadzirirwo mazhinji anoisa bearing hombe yepitch, pitch motor/actuator, pitch gearbox, uye controls munzvimbo yehub.
4. Chengetedza kugadzikana kwe rotor
Hub inofanira kuva nechokwadi chekuti rotor iri kutenderera zvakanaka, kudzivirira kusawirirana, kuderedza kudedera, uye kutsigira maitiro e rotor pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emhepo (mhepo ine simba, turbulence).
5. Inotsigira kuchengetedzeka uye maficha ekutarisa
MaHub anowanzo batanidzwa nemasensa (semuenzaniso tembiricha yebheari, nzvimbo yekupidigura, kudedera), pamwe chete nemasisitimu ekudzivirira akadai sekukurumidzira kutenderedza mapanga panzvimbo yakachengeteka) kana paine nyonganyonga.
3. Kuvakwa kweHub: Zvikamu Zvakakosha uye Zvikamu
Pakuvaka, hub chikamu chikuru chechimiro chine hunyanzvi hwakaoma kunzwisisa. Heano mamwe mativi akafanana:
a) Muviri weHub
Chinhu chikuru ichimiro chakagadzirwa nesimbi kana kuti chakagadzirwa chine "maoko" akawanda kana kuti maflange senzvimbo dzekuisa mablade. Rotor ine mablade matatu ine mablade matatu akaparadzaniswa nemadhigirii zana nemakumi maviri. Chimiro chayo chinogona kunge chakaita sedenderedzwa kana kuti polygonal, zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemugadziri.
b) Chimiro chebanga
Apa ndipo panosungirirwa mudzi webanga uchishandisa mabhaudhi ane simba rakawanda muchimiro chedenderedzwa. Iyi interface inofanirwa kuve yakanyatsojeka kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mutoro unogoverwa zvakaenzana uye kudzivirira kuwanda kwekushushikana.
c) Kurira kwebheyaringi
Chinhu chikuru, chakaita sedenderedzwa (slewing bearing) chinobvumira mashizha kutenderera pa axis yawo kuti adzore pitch. Bearing iyi inoshanda pasi pemitoro yakabatana (axial, radial, uye moment), saka mhando yekuzora uye dziviriro yengura zvakakosha.
d) Sisitimu yepitch (actuator uye control)
Kazhinji vanoshandisa mota yemagetsi ine gearbox (electric pitch) kana hydraulic system (hydraulic pitch). Mapitch emagetsi anowanzo shongedzwa nebhatiri/supercapacitor kuti aise banga rakachengeteka panguva yekudzimwa kwemagetsi.
e) Chifukidziro chehubhu (kona yemhino/spinner)
Chinhu chinofukidza kumberi kwehub kuderedza kudhonzwa uye kudzivirira zvikamu zvemukati kubva kunaya, guruva, kana chando. Kunyange zvazvo chisiri chivakwa chikuru, chifukidziro ichi chinokanganisa mashandiro emuchadenga uye dziviriro.
f) Kupinda nekuchengetedzeka (nzvimbo yekusvikira, chikuva chemukati)
Pamaturbine makuru, mainjiniya vanogona kupinda mukati mehub kuti vagadzirise sisitimu yepitch. Nekuti nzvimbo iyi yakamanikana uye inotenderera, nzira dzakasimba dzekuchengetedza dzinodiwa.
4. Zvinhu uye Maitiro Ekugadzira
Mazhinji emahubhu emhepo anogadzirwa achishandisa ma castings akagadzirwa ne ductile cast iron, akadai se EN-GJS kana imwe yakafanana nayo. Zvikonzero zvekusarudza ductile iron zvinosanganisira:
- Simba rakanaka uye kusimba kwemutoro unoshanduka
- Kugona kukanda maumbirwo akaomarara uye makobvu
- Kuderedza simba kwe vibration zvakanaka kana tichienzanisa nesimbi
- Mari dzekugadzira dzinokwikwidzana dzehukuru hukuru
Zvisinei, mamwe magadzirirwo anoshandisa hubs dzesimbi dzakaumbwa kana dzakasungirirwa dzesimbi dzakasungirirwa, kunyanya kana paine hunhu hwemakanika kana nzira yakasiyana yekugadzira. Mushure mekuumbwa, hub inowanzoitwa:
- Kurapa kupisa kuti uwane hunhu hwemakanika hwaunoda
- Kugadzira michina panzvimbo dzakakosha (flange, chigaro chemabheyaringi, maburi emabhoti)
– Kuyedza kusingaparadze (NDT) kwakadai sekuyedza kwe ultrasound, kuyedza magnetic particle, kana radiography kuti uone zvikanganiso zvemukati.
- Kupenda/kupenda kudzivirira ngura, kunyanya kuma turbine ekunze
5. Matambudziko Ebasa Nekugadzira
MaHub anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. Vagadziri vanofanira kufunga nezve:
1. Kuneta (kuneta nezvinhu)
Maturbines anosangana nemamiriyoni emitambo yekutakura zvinhu panguva yekushanda. Kuneta ndicho chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti pave nehukuru hwemadziro, nzvimbo ye fillet, uye ruzivo rwekubatanidza.
2. Kushushikana kwakanyanya munzvimbo yejoini rebanga
Maburi emabhoti, makona akapinza, uye kuchinja kwehukobvu zvese zvinogona kukonzera kutsemuka. Saka, dhizaini yakanaka uye kudzorwa kwemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira zvinodiwa.
3. Ngura nenzvimbo yakapoteredza
Kunze kwegungwa, mhedzisiro yemhute yemunyu inokurumidza ngura. Masisitimu ekuputira nekuvhara anofanira kugadzirwa nokungwarira, kusanganisira dziviriro yekubatanidza mabhori uye nzvimbo dzemabheyaringi.
4. Kurema vs kuvimbika
Hub inorema zvakanyanya inowedzera mutoro pahurongwa hweshongwe neyaw. Kusiyana neizvi, hub yakareruka zvakanyanya inogona kuwedzera njodzi yekushanduka uye kuneta. Kugadzirisa kunoitwa uchishandisa finite element simulation (FEA) uye kuyedza.
5. Kubatanidzwa nehurongwa hwekukanda bhora
Mabheringi epitch, mamota, tambo, uye zvinodzora zvinofanira kuiswa kuitira kuti zvive nyore kuchengetedza, kudzivirirwa, uye kusakanganisa kuenzana kwerotor.
6. Hub muTurbine Working System: Kufamba kweSimba uye Kudzora
Kana mhepo ikavhuvhuta, mashizha acho anogadzira torque pa rotor. Hub inogamuchira torque iyi uye inoitenderera pamwe chete ne main shaft. Muma turbine ane gearbox, main shaft inotyaira gearbox kuti iwedzere kumhanya kwekutenderera kwejenareta. Muma turbine anotyaira zvakananga, hub yakabatana nejenareta ine dhayamita hombe isina gearbox.
Panyaya yekudzora, hub inoita basa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekukanda. Kana kumhanya kwemhepo kuchipfuura kumhanya kwakayerwa, kudzora kwekukanda kunotenderera maburi kuti kuderedze kusimudzwa, zvichiita kuti simba ribude zvakanaka uye kudzivirira kuwandisa kwezvikamu. Kana mhepo ikanyanya kusimba kana kuti turbine ikasangana nedambudziko, maburi "anopetwa" (akakomberedzwa kuti aderedze simba) kuti amise rotor zvakachengeteka.
7. Kugadzirisa Kwakajairika uye Kukundikana
Nekuda kwenzvimbo yadzo pa rotor yepamberi, hub nezvinhu zvayo zvinoda kuongororwa nguva nenguva. Zvimwe zvinetso zvakajairika zvinosanganisira:
- Kupera kwebearing yepitch nekuda kwekusakwana kwekuzora mafuta kana kusvibiswa
– Kusunungura mabhaudhi eblade-hub kunogona kuitika nekuda kwekuzunguzika kana kusasimba zvakanaka.
- Kuneta kunotsemuka munzvimbo dzine kushushikana (zvishoma asi zvakanyanya)
- Kuvhara kukuvara kunoita kuti mvura ipinde uye kukurumidzisa ngura
- Zvikanganiso mumota yepitch, giya repitch, kana sisitimu yekuchengetedza (bhatiri)
Kuongorora kunowanzo sanganisira kuongorora torque yebolt, kuongorora kudedera, kuongorora mafuta, uye NDT munzvimbo dzakatarwa sezvakakurudzirwa nemugadziri.
8. Mhedziso
Hub yemhepo ine turbine chikamu chechimiro chinoita basa guru mukushandura simba remhepo kubva kumagetsi kuenda kumhepo. Haingoshandi chete senzvimbo yekumisikidza mablades, asiwo inoshanda senzvimbo huru yekutakura mutoro, inochengetedza sisitimu yepitch, uye chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedza nekudzora turbine. Kuvakwa kwayo kunoda zvinhu zvakasimba, maitiro ekugadzira nemazvo, uye dhizaini inokwanisa kutsungirira mitoro yenguva refu. Kunzwisisa kuvakwa uye mashandiro ehub kunotibatsira kuona kuti turbine yemhepo inobudirira haisi yemashizha nejenareta chete, asiwo yekubatanidzwa kwakasimba uye kwakavimbika kwemechanical pakati perotor: hub.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mufananidzo uri nyore, runyorwa rwakadzama rwezvikamu zvehub, kana kuenzanisa mahub eturbine dzekunze kwenyika nedzekunze kwenyika.
