Dhizaini yeDiversion Channel Kuti Iwedzere Kuyerera kweMvura kuTurbine
Mumagetsi emvura (PLTA) uye ma microhydro power plants, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoita kuti mvura ibudirire ndechekuti mvura inogona sei kuendeswa ku turbine nenzira yakagadzikana, yakachengeteka, uye inoshanda. Mvura yakawanda haibudisi simba rakawanda yoga kana kuyerera kwayo kusina kutarisirwa zvakanaka. Apa ndipo panoshanda nzira dzekutsausa: dzinoshanda kutsausa imwe yenzira huru inobuda murwizi kana mugero mukuru kuenda kumagetsi, dzozoidzosera kurwizi mushure mekupfuura nemu turbine. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti, zvikamu, uye zvinhu zvehunyanzvi mukugadzira nzira dzekutsausa kuti mvura ifambe zvakanaka kuenda ku turbine.
1. Tsanangudzo uye Basa reNzira Dzekutsausa
Nzira yekutsausa mvura inzira yehydraulic inotungamira mvura kubva kunzvimbo (rwizi, mugero wekudiridza, kana dhamu) kuenda kunzvimbo inogadzira mvura. Kusiyana nemadhamu makuru anoumba matangi, nzira dzekutsausa mvura dzinowanzo shandisa mvura inoyerera kubva murwizi, kureva kuti, dzinoshandisa mvura yechisikigo isina nzvimbo yakawanda yekuchengetedza. Mabasa makuru enzira dzekutsausa mvura anosanganisira:
1. Bata chinobuda chinodiwa kuti turbine ifambise zvichienderana nekukwanisa kwayo kugadzira.
2. Gadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura kuitira kuti turbine iwane kuyerera kwakasimba uye isachinje zvakanyanya.
3. Dzora madhaka nemarara kuitira kuti asakuvadze turbine kana kuderedza kushanda kwayo.
4. Deredza kurasikirwa nesimba (kurasikirwa nemusoro) nekuda kwekukweshana, kukotama kwakapinza, kana kuti nzvimbo dzisina kukodzera dzemugero.
5. Chengetedza kuchengetedzeka nekupa nzvimbo dzekupfuura nemvura, magonhi emvura, uye dziviriro yemafashamo.
Nemamwe mashoko, nzira yekutsausa mvura "inzira yesimba" inoita kuti simba remvura risvike muturbine iri mumamiriro akanaka kwazvo.
2. MaParamende Akakosha Anosarudza Dhizaini
Vasati vasarudza chimiro uye saizi yechiteshi, varongi vanofanirwa kunzwisisa parameter dzinoverengeka dzinokosha:
– Dhizaini yekuburitsa (Q): huwandu hwekuyerera kwakanangwa kuti hupinde muturbine (m³/s).
– Musoro weNet (Hnet): musiyano wehurefu hunoshanda unosara mushure mekubvisa kurasikirwa kwesimba.
– Hunhu hwerwizi: mvura shoma uye yakanyanya kubuda mumwaka, materu emubhedha, upamhi hwerwizi, uye maitiro emafashamo.
– Kucherwa kwevhu: hukuru uye huwandu hwevhu, kunyanya munguva yekunaya kwemvura.
– Mamiriro enzvimbo uye mamiriro enzvimbo: sarudza kugadzikana kwechivakwa, zvinodiwa pamadziro, uye njodzi dzekudonha kwevhu.
– Zvinodiwa zvakatipoteredza: mvura shoma inofanira kuramba ichiyerera murwizi (kuyerera kwezvakatipoteredza).
Dhizaini yakanaka inogara ichienzanisa zvinodiwa nemagetsi, kuchengetedzeka, mari yekuvaka, uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza.
3. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveDiversion Channel
Sisitimu yekutsaudzira inowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvakati wandei zvakabatana:
a. Kuvaka Nzvimbo Inopinda Vanhu
Nzvimbo yekunwa mvura ndiyo pokutangira. Nzvimbo yayo inosarudzwa kuitira kuti:
- zviri nyore kutungamira kupinda kwemvura,
- zvakachengeteka kubva mukukukurwa kwevhu nemafashamo,
- kuderedza kupinda kwematope.
Nzvimbo yekudira mvura inowanzo shongedzwa neraki yemarara (coarse filter) yekuchengeta matavi, mapurasitiki, nemarara makuru.
b. Nzira yeHeadrace
Mugero wekutakura mvura unotakura mvura kubva panzvimbo yekupinda kuenda kutangi rekugadzika kana kuti forebay. Mugero uyu unogona kuva:
- migero yakavhurika, yakakodzera topography iri nyore uye mitengo yakaderera,
– pombi (penji yekutanga), kana nzvimbo yacho yakaoma kana kuti uchida kuderedza kurasikirwa.
Kugadzirwa kwemugero wekutakura zvinhu kunofanirwa kusimbisa mwero wekuyerera kwakakodzera. Kunonoka zvakanyanya kunoita kuti madhaka agadzikane; nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kunowedzera kurasikirwa nesimba uye njodzi yekukukurwa kwevhu.
c. Bheseni reKugara (Jecha Rinoteyiwa)
Kune maturbine—kunyanya maturbine ePelton neTurgo—jecha rinogona kukurumidzisa kupwanyika kwemuromo wemuchina uye kupera kwemvura. Mabheseni anodzika akagadzirirwa kuderedza kumhanya kwekuyerera kwemvura, zvichiita kuti madhaka agare pasi uye ozodururwa nepagedhi rekudhonza mvura.
d. Forebay neSpillway
Nzvimbo iyi inonzi forebay itangi remvura isati yapinda mu penstock. Basa rayo nderekudzikamisa kuyerera kwemvura uye kupa nzvimbo yekuyerera kwemvura kuburikidza nenzira yekudurura mvura kana mvura yacho yakawandisa. Nzira yekudurura mvura inodzivirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kuyerera kwemvura kusingadzoreki kunogona kukuvadza penstock kana chimiro.
e. Penstock kuenda kuTurbine
Kunyangwe penstock isiri chikamu chegwara rakavhurika, inoenderera mberi nehurongwa hwekutsausa. Kuchinja kubva paforebay kuenda kupenstock kunofanirwa kunge kwakapfava kuderedza kurasikirwa nesimba uye kudzivirira mafungu anogona kupinza mhepo.
4. Nheyo dzeHydraulic dzekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka
Kugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura mu turbine kunotarisa pakuchengetedza Hnet yakakwira sezvinobvira. Kurasikirwa nesimba (kurasikirwa nemusoro) kunoitika nekuda kwe:
- kukweshana kwemadziro emugero/mapaipi,
- shanduko muchikamu chakasiyana,
- kutendeuka,
- kusagadzikana.
Munzira dzakavhurika, varongi vanowanzo shandisa equation yaManning kufungidzira hukama huripo pakati pekutsvedza, kuomarara kwenzira, uye kumhanya kwekuyerera. Mukufunga, matanho ekugadzirisa anosanganisira:
1. Sarudza nzvimbo yakakwana yemugero (trapezoidal kana sikweya) kuti mvura ifambe zvakanaka.
2. Sarudza zvinhu zvakaita sekongiri, masonry, kana geomembrane kudzora kuomarara uye kudonha kwemvura.
3. Deredza kutendeuka kwakasimba; kana zvisingadzivisike, shandisa nzvimbo yakakura yekutenderera uye dziviriro yemawere.
4. Dzivisa kuchinja kwekukwirira kamwe kamwe kunokonzera kuvhiringidzika uye kukuvara kwemakumbo munzvimbo dzakavharirwa.
5. Gadzirisa kumhanya kwakakosha kwemadhaka, kuitira kuti zvidimbu zvisaungane asi zvisaparadze mugero.
Mugumisiro wacho "mvura yakadzikama asi ine simba" inoyerera: inokurumidza kutakura mvura zvinobudirira, asi yakadzikama zvakakwana kudzivirira kukuvara.
5. Kudzora Marara neMarara: Zvinhu Zvinosarudza Upenyu hweTurbine
Masisitimu mazhinji ema micro-hydro anotadza kusvika pahupenyu hwawo hwekugadzira nekuda kwematambudziko etsvina. Saka, dhizaini ye diversion channel inofanira kusanganisira nzira dzinotevera:
– Nzvimbo yekuchengetera marara ine zvikwiriso: chivharo chakakombama panzvimbo yekudira uye chivharo chakapfava chiri pedyo neforebay.
– Musungo wejecha wakakwana: kureba nekudzika zvakakwana kuisa jecha rehukuru hwakati (zvichienderana nedata remadhaka).
– Gedhi rekukwesha: riri panzvimbo ine sediment, riri nyore kushandisa, uye rakachengeteka kumushandisi.
- Kupinda mukugadzirisa: nzira dzekuongorora, nzvimbo dzebasa nenzvimbo dzekuchenesa.
Chinokosha pakugadzira hachisi kungoshanda chete kana chatsva, asiwo kuva nyore kuchengetedza kwemakore.
6. Kuchengetedzwa kwechivako uye Kuramba Mafashamo
Nzira dzekutsausa dzinofanira kukwanisa kutsungirira kuburitswa kwakanyanya. Matanho akakosha:
– Nzvimbo yakakwana yekuisa mvura (freeboard) kuitira kuti mvura isafashukire kana mafungu kana mvura yabuda.
- Dziviriro yematombo nematombo akasimbiswa, magabion, kana miti.
– Zvivako zvenzira yekurasira mvura muforogo kana nzvimbo yekubvisa tsvina yakawandisa.
– Tarisa gedhi nekuvhara kwekukurumidza kuti udzivise kuyerera kwemvura kuenda kupenstock kana paine kukuvara.
Munzvimbo dzinokanganiswa nekudengenyeka kwevhu, nzira dzekudonhedza mvura dzinofanira kudzivirira mawere asina kugadzikana. Kana izvi zvisingaite, ivhu rinosimbiswa, mvura inodonhedzwa, uye kutariswa kunodiwa.
7. Kufunga Nezvekushanda uye Nzvimbo Yakatipoteredza
Kugadzirisa hunyanzvi hakufanirwe kuregeredza magariro evanhu uye zvakatipoteredza. Sisitimu yakanaka yekutsausa:
- kuchengetedza mvura shoma inoyerera murwizi rwese,
– kudzivirira kukanganisa zvakanyanya kufamba kwehove (kana zvichikodzera),
– tichifunga nezvezvinodiwa nevanhu vemunharaunda pakudiridza kana mvura isina kubikwa,
– kudzivirira shanduko muchimiro cherwizi dzinokonzera kukurwa kwevhu.
Mumapurojekiti mazhinji, kubudirira kwenguva refu kunobva pakugamuchirwa kwenharaunda uye kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
8. Kesimpulan
Kugadzira nzira dzekutsausa mvura (diversion channel) ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha hwekuona kuti maturbines anowana mvura yakakwana, zvese maererano nekubuda kwemvura, kugadzikana, uye mhando (isina tsvina nemarara). Nekufunga nezve hydrological parameters, topography, kurasikirwa nesimba, kudzora marara, uye kuchengetedzeka uye zvakatipoteredza, masisitimu ekutsausa mvura anogona kuvandudza kugadzirwa zvakanaka uku achiwedzera hupenyu hwematurbines. Pakupedzisira, nzira dzekutsausa mvura hadzisi "migero yekusvitsa mvura" chete, asi masisitimu akagadzirwa anosarudza kuti simba remvura rinogona sei kushandurwa kuita magetsi nenzira yakavimbika uye inochengetedza.
