Maitiro Ekugadzira Polyamide Plastic uye Mashandisirwo Ayo Muindasitiri Yemachira
Polyamide imhuri yemapurasitiki einjiniya akakosha zvikuru mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Pakati pemhando dzinozivikanwa dzepolyamide pane manylon, akadai seNylon 6 neNylon 6,6, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune zvese kubva kuzvinhu zvemotokari kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zvemachira. Muindasitiri yemachira, polyamide ine chinzvimbo chakakosha nekuti inogona kupa musanganiswa wehunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika, kutwasuka, kuramba kupfeka, uye kugona kugadzirwa kuita mashinda matete. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura maitiro ekugadzira polyamide purasitiki uye kuti chinhu ichi chinoshandiswa sei zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemachira.
Kunzwisisa Polyamide uye Hunhu Hwayo Hukuru
Polyamide ipolymer ine maamide bonds (-CONH-) muketani yayo huru. Mabond aya anogadzira hukama hwakasimba pakati pemamorekuru (semuenzaniso, mahydrogen bonds), zvichipa mapolyamide simba rakawanda rekudhonza, kuramba kukweshana zvakanaka, uye kugadzikana kwekupisa kwakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nemapurasitiki akawanda emhando yepamusoro. Uyezve, polyamide inozivikanwa kuti ine hygroscopic. Hunhu uhwu hunogona kuva hwakanakira uye dambudziko: mafiber epolyamide akasununguka kupfeka nekuti anogona kunwisa hunyoro, asi kune rumwe rutivi, kunwisa mvura kunogona kukanganisa saizi yawo uye mamwe maitiro emakanika.
Zvishandiso Zvikuru Mukugadzira Polyamide
Maitiro ekugadzira polyamide anoenderana nerudzi rwepolyamide iri kugadzirwa. Mhando mbiri dzinonyanya kuwanikwa mumachira ndeidzi:
1. Nylon 6 (PA6): inowanzogadzirwa ne caprolactam monomer.
2. Nylon 6,6 (PA66): yakagadzirwa kubva pakusangana pakati pehexamethylenediamine (HMDA) neadipic acid.
Sarudzo yemhando yepolyamide inokonzerwa nehukuru hwekupedzisira hunodiwa. PA66 inowanzova nenzvimbo yekunyunguduka kwepamusoro uye inodzivirira kupisa zviri nani, nepo PA6 inowanzo sarudzwa nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwayo kuri nyore uye hunhu hwayo hwakanaka hwefiber.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Polyamide: Nzira Huru Dzekuita Nadzo
Kazhinji, mapolyamides anogadzirwa kuburikidza nekuita kwepolymerization kunoumba maamide bonds. Kune nzira mbiri huru dzinowanzo kurukurwa: condensation polymerization uye ring-opening polymerization.
1. Kugadzirwa kweNylon 6 (PA6) kuburikidza neRing Opening Polymerization
Nylon 6 inowanzogadzirwa ne caprolactam, monomer yakaita serin'i. Matanho makuru anosanganisira:
– Kugadzirira monomer: caprolactam inoonekwa kuti yakachena zvakanyanya nekuti tsvina inogona kukanganisa reaction rate uye kuderedza kunaka kwepolymer.
– Kutanga kwekuita: maitiro ekuvhura rin'i anowanzo konzerwa nemvura kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinotanga. Mvura inobatsira kuvhura rin'i ye caprolactam uye kugadzira mayuniti e reactive monomer.
– Polymerization: zvikamu zvakavhurwa zvinobatana kuti zvigadzire cheni refu dzepolyamide. Mamiriro ekushanda (tembiricha, nguva yekugara, uye kumanikidzwa) zvinodzorwa kuti zviwane huremu hwemamorekuru hunodiwa.
– Kupedzisa nekuchenesa: polymer yakagadzirwa inogona kunge iine monomer yakasara (caprolactam) iyo inoda kubviswa kana kuderedzwa nekuti inogona kukanganisa kunhuhwirira, mashandiro uye kuchengetedzeka kwekushandiswa.
– Kuumbwa kwepellet: polyamide inowanzo nyungudutswa yochekwa kuita mapellet (granules) kuti zvive nyore kugadzira zvimwe zvakaita sekutenderera kwefiber.
PA6 inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumachira nekuti inogadzira shinda dzakasimba, dzakapfava uye ine simba rekudzivirira kukwesha.
2. Kugadzirwa kweNylon 6,6 (PA66) kuburikidza neCondensation Polymerization
Nylon 6,6 inogadzirwa nekuita adipic acid pamwe nehexamethylenediamine. Maitiro acho ndeekuti:
– Kugadzirwa kwe "munyu wenylon": Adipic acid neHMDA zvinosanganiswa mumvura kuti zvigadzire munyu wakasimba (unowanzonzi munyu wenylon). Danho iri rinoita kuti zvive nyore kudzora chiyero che stoichiometric, icho chakakosha kuti cheni yepolymer ikure kwenguva refu.
– Polycondensation: musanganiswa unodziiswa pakupisa kwakanyanya. Kuumbwa kweamide bond reaction kunogadzira mvura semugumisiro, saka mvura inofanira kubviswa kuti reaction ienderere mberi kusvika pakuumbwa kwepolymer.
– Kudzora huremu hwemamorekuru: nguva yekuita, tembiricha, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa mvura zvinokanganisa kureba kwecheni yepolymer. Huremu hwemamorekuru hunosarudza simba, kunyunguduka kwemvura, uye mashandiro efiber.
– Kuburitsa uye kuisa purasitiki: polymer inonyungudutswa, yoburitswa, yozochekwa kuita zvidimbu.
PA66 inodzivirira kupisa zviri nani uye inowanzoshandiswa pakushandisa zvinoda kugadzikana kwakanyanya kwekupisa, kunyange zvazvo mumachira PA6 nePA66 zvakakurumbira zvikuru.
Kubva paPurasitiki kuenda kuFiber: Maitiro ekuPolyamide Spinning
Kuti polyamide ishandiswe muindasitiri yemachira, chinhu chacho chinofanira kushandurwa kuita fibers. Maitiro akajairika ndeyekunyunguduka kwesimbi, sezvo polyamide inogona kunyungudutswa nekuumbwa pasina kudiwa kwezvinonyungudutsa.
Matanho ekunyungudutsa epolyamide:
1. Mapellets ekuomesa
Polyamide inogadzirwa ne hygroscopic, saka mapellets anofanira kuomeswa kudzivirira kuparara kwe hydrolytic kana anyunguduka. Kana hunyoro hwacho hwakanyanya, cheni dze polymer dzinogona kutyoka uye shinda dzinopera simba.
2. Kunyunguduka nekubuda kwemuchina we spinneret
Mapellets aya anonyungudutswa muchinhu chinoburitsa mvura, obva asundirwa nepakati pespinneret (plate ine maburi matete) kuti agadzire tambo.
3. Kudzima
Filament yacho inotonhodzwa nemhepo kuti iome kuita fibre yakasimba.
4. Kudhonza (kubvisa)
Matavi acho anotambanudzwa kuti aronge mamorekuru nenzira imwe chete, zvichiwedzera simba rekudhonza uye elastic modulus.
5. Kugadzira magadzirirwo (sarudzo)
Kuti pave nezvinhu zvakaita seshinda dzakapfava, dzakapfava, kana kuti dzechisikigo, shinda dzinogona kugadzirwa (semuenzaniso, dzakakwenenzverwa).
6. Kumonera uye kurongedza
Fiber iyi inosungirirwa pabhobhini panguva inotevera yekuita senge kuruka kana kuruka.
Mashandisirwo ePolyamide muIndasitiri yeMachira
Polyamide inonyanya kuzivikanwa mumachira senylon. Faibha yenylon inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti yakareruka, yakasimba, uye haipfeki. Heano mamwe emashandisirwo ayo:
1. Zvipfeko zvemitambo uye zvipfeko zvinoshingaira
Nylon inowanikwa zvakanyanya muhembe dzemitambo, maleggings, majaketi ekumhanya, uye mbatya dzekunze. Zvakanakira zvayo zvinosanganisira:
- Inodzivirira kukweshana (hazvisi nyore kukwesha/kupukuta)
- Chiedza uye chakasimba
- Zvinosanganiswa nyore nyore ne elastane/spandex kuti zviwedzere kutambanudza
– Inooma nekukurumidza kupfuura dzimwe shinda dzechisikigo
2. Zvipfeko zvemukati neHosiery
Masokisi, masokisi, uye zvipfeko zvemukati zvinowanzoshandisa polyamide nekuti shinda dzayo dzinogona kugadzirwa dzakapfava asi dzakasimba. Nhambwe idzi dzinoita kuti mvere dzinzwe dzakapfava, dzinoenderana nechimiro chemuviri, uye dzinoramba dzichidzivirira kukweva kana kukwenywa.
3. Makapeti neUpholstery
Kana iri shinda yakakora kana kuti yakakora, nayiloni inozivikanwa pamakapeti nekuti:
– Kusakwenya kwakanyanya (kusingatsvedzeri)
- Haichinji uye inotsungirira (inodzokera nyore nyore kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga)
- Inogona kudhayiwa zvakanaka kuti ibudise mavara akajeka uye anogara kwenguva refu
4. Shangu dzemaindasitiri neMachira ehunyanzvi
Polyamide inoshandiswa mumachira akasiyana-siyana ehunyanzvi akadai se:
- Tambo nemambure
- Kusunga mabhandi ekuchengetedza, mabhegi nemidziyo yekunze
- Mamwe machira eparashuti netende anoda musanganiswa wekureruka, simba, uye kudzivirira kubvaruka
5. Yakasanganiswa Nemamwe Mafiber
Polyamide inowanzo sanganiswa nepolyester, donje, kana mvere dzemakwai kuti ienzanise hunhu hwayo:
- Inowedzera kuramba kupfeka kwejira
- Wedzera simba reshinda
- Inoderedza makunya uye inowedzera kuramba kupfekwa
Matambudziko Nematambudziko Ekuchengetedza Ruzivo
Pasinei nezvakanakira zvayo, polyamide inosanganawo nematambudziko, kunyanya ezvakatipoteredza. Kugadzirwa kwepolyamide kunobva muzvinhu zvakagadzirwa nepetrochemical uye kunogona kuva nekabhoni yakawanda. Uyezve, fiber dzekugadzira dzinogona kuburitsa microplastics panguva yekuwacha. Nokudaro, indasitiri yemachira iri kutanga kusimudzira:
– Kushandisa polyamide yakadzokororwa (semuenzaniso kubva mumambure ekuredza akamboshandiswa kana marara emachira)
- Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira anoshanda nesimba zvakanyanya
- Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekusefa michina yekuwachisa uye yekuchenesa mvura
Mhedziso
Maitiro ekugadzira purasitiki yepolyamide anosanganisira kuumbwa kwemaamide bonds kuburikidza nepolymerization, kungave nekuvhurwa kweringi (sezvakaita Nylon 6 kubva ku caprolactam) kana polycondensation (sezvakaita Nylon 6,6 kubva ku adipic acid uye hexamethylenediamine). Mushure mekuiswa pelletized, polyamide inogadziriswa kuita fibers kuburikidza nekunyunguduka, kudhirowa, uye mamwe maitiro akadai se texturing. Muindasitiri yemachira, polyamide yakakosha pamitambo, hosiery, makapeti, uye machira ehunyanzvi nekuda kwesimba rayo, kuramba kwekukwesha, uye kuchinjika. Kuenderera mberi, dambudziko guru nderekuvandudza kugara kwenguva refu - kuburikidza nekudzokorodza, kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira, uye kuderedza kukanganiswa kwe microplastics - kuitira kuti polyamide irambe iri chinhu chakavimbika uye chine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kuwedzera chikamu chakakosha pakuenzaniswa kweNylon 6 vs Nylon 6,6 yemachira (nzvimbo yekunyunguduka, kugona kudhaya, kubatwa nemaoko, kuramba kukwesha), kana kuisa chati yemafambiro ekugadzira munzvimbo dzine bullet points.
