Mhando dzepurasitiki dzinochengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye magadzirirwo adzo
Plastiki yava chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwemazuva ano. Zvisinei, kukanganisa kwayo nharaunda kwakaipa. Mapurasitiki echinyakare anoshandiswa mumafuta anotora mazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemakore kuti aore, zvichisvibisa makungwa nevhu uye zvichityisidzira mhuka dzesango. Nokudaro, vaongorori nemaindasitiri vanga vachishanda nesimba kuti vawane dzimwe nzira dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda. Heano mamwe marudzi emapurasitiki asingakuvadzi nharaunda akagadzirwa uye kuti anogadzirwa sei.
1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yakadzokororwa Kushandiswa.
Tsanangudzo
Polyethylene terephthalate, inozivikanwa sePET, ipurasitiki inoshandiswa mumabhodhoro ezvinwiwa uye mumapakeji ezvekudya. Kuvandudzwa kwakawanda mukushandiswazve kwePET kwakaita kuti zvinhu izvi zvikwanise kushandiswazve, zvichideredza marara uye kudiwa kwezvinhu zvitsva.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Maitiro ekugadzirisa PET anowanzo sanganisira matanho anotevera:
1. Kuunganidza uye Kuronga: Marara epurasitiki ePET anounganidzwa uye anorongwa zvichienderana neruvara uye kuchena.
2. Kugeza: PET inogezwa kubvisa tsvina nezvinhu zvinosvibisa.
3. Kupwanya: PET yakachena inopwanywa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki kana simbi yepurasitiki.
4. Kubviswa: Ma PET flakes anonyungudutswa obva aburitswa mumapurasitiki matsva akagadzirira kushandiswa.
PET (rPET) inoshandiswazve inoshandiswazve kugadzira mabhodhoro ezvinwiwa, fiber dzemachira, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana.
2. Polylactide (PLA)
Tsanangudzo
Polylactide, kana kuti PLA, ipurasitiki yakagadzirwa kubva muzvinhu zvinogona kudzokororwa zvakaita sechibage, mbatatisi, kana shuga beets. PLA ndeimwe yemhando dzepurasitiki dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuora kwayo.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Kugadzirwa kwePLA kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
1. Kubvisa Shuga: Makabhohaidhiretsi anobva muzvinhu zvakaita sechibage anotorwa uye anoviriswa kuti abudise lactic acid.
2. Kuumbwa kwePolymerization: Lactic acid inobva yapinda mumaitiro ekugadzira polymerization kuti igadzire cheni refu dzepolylactide.
3. Kugadzira: PLA inobuda inogona kushandurwa kuita maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana kuburikidza ne extrusion, injection molding, kana thermoforming processes.
PLA inoshandiswa muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sekurongedza chikafu, zvimedu zvekushandisa zvinoraswa, uye mabhegi epurasitiki anoora.
3. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
Tsanangudzo
MaPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) ipurasitiki inogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya kuburikidza nekuvirisa zvinhu zvechisikigo. MaPHA anoyevedza zvikuru nekuti ane hunhu hwakafanana nepurasitiki yemazuva ano asi anogona kuora kana ari munharaunda.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Kugadzirwa kwePHA kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
1. Kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya: Mamwe mabhakitiriya anodyiswa zvinhu zvakaita semafuta emuriwo kana mafuta acids.
2. Kuumbwa kwePHA: Mabhakitiriya anoshandura kabhoni inobuda kuita PHA, iyo inoungana mumasero ebhakitiriya semagranules.
3. Kubvisa uye Kuchenesa: PHA inobviswa kubva mumasero ebhakitiriya yocheneswa kuti pave nepolymer inodiwa.
PHA inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira kurongedza chikafu, zvishandiso zvekurapa zvinoora, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa kamwe chete.
4. Biopolyethylene (Bio-PE)
Tsanangudzo
Biopolyethylene, kana kuti Bio-PE, imhando yepolyethylene yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinogona kushandiswazve zvakaita senzimbe. Bio-PE ine hunhu hwakafanana nepolyethylene yakajairika asi ine kabhoni shoma.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Kugadzirwa kweBio-PE kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
1. Kubvisa Shuga: Shuga inotorwa kubva munzimbe kana mimwe miti.
2. Kuvirisa: Shuga inoviriswa kuti igadzire ethanol.
3. Kushaya mvura mumuviri: Ethanol inoshandurwa kuita ethylene kuburikidza nekuita kwekushaya mvura mumuviri.
4. Kuumbwa kwePolymerization: Ethylene inobva yaumbwa kuita polyethylene.
Kufanana nePE yakajairika, Bio-PE inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira kurongedza chikafu, mabhegi epurasitiki, uye zvikamu zveindasitiri.
5. Cellulose Acetate
Tsanangudzo
Cellulose acetate ipurasitiki inobva mu cellulose, chinhu chikuru chinoumba madziro emasero emiti. Plastiki iyi yave ichishandiswa kwemakumi emakore uye inozivikanwa nekuora kwayo.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Kugadzirwa kwe cellulose acetate kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
1. Kubviswa kweCellulose: Cellulose inotorwa kubva mumiti yakadai sehuni kana donje.
2. Acetylation: Cellulose inozoshandurwa kuita cellulose acetate kuburikidza nemaitiro e acetylation uchishandisa acetic acid.
3. Kugadzira: Cellulose acetate inobuda inogona kugadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nekuumba majekiseni kana mamwe matekiniki ekuumba.
Cellulose acetate inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira mafirita efodya, mafirimu emifananidzo, uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi zvakaita semakamu nemagirazi emaziso.
6. Polybutylenedipate Terephthalate (PBAT)
Tsanangudzo
Polybutylenedipate terephthalate (PBAT) ipolymer inoora iyo inowanzo sanganiswa nedzimwe bioplastics kuti ivandudze hunhu hwayo hwemuchina. PBAT isarudzo inokwezva yezvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa kamwe chete nekuda kwekusimba kwayo uye kuora kwayo.
Nzira Yokugadzira
Kugadzirwa kwePBAT kunosanganisira matanho anotevera:
1. Polycondensation: PBAT inogadzirwa kuburikidza ne polycondensation reaction pakati pebutanediol, terephthalic acid, uye adipic acid.
2. Kugadzira: PBAT inobuda inogona kugadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nekubvisa, kuumba majekiseni, kana mamwe matekiniki.
PBAT inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvakaita semabhegi ekutenga anoora, mafirimu ekurima, uye zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza.
Mhedziso
Kugadzirwa kwemapurasitiki asingakuvadzi nharaunda kunoratidza kuti tinogona kuderedza kukanganisa kwakashata kwemapurasitiki echinyakare panharaunda. PET, PLA, PHA, Bio-PE, cellulose acetate, uye PBAT zvinongova mienzaniso mishoma yemapurasitiki akagadzirirwa kuti ave nani kupasi redu. Kuburikidza nemaitiro matsva ekugadzira uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswazve, mapurasitiki aya anopa mhinduro dzinogara kwenguva refu mune ramangwana.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kushandisa mapurasitiki asina njodzi chete hazvina kukwana. Kuderedza kushandiswa kwepurasitiki, kuwedzera kudzokorodza, uye kuchinja maitiro evatengi zvakakoshawo kugadzirisa dambudziko repasi rose remapurasitiki. Nekuenderera mberi nekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye kuwedzera ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza, tinogona kufambira mberi kune ramangwana rakanaka uye rinogara kwenguva refu.
