Maitiro Ekugadzira Polymethyl Methacrylate Plastiki uye Kushandiswa Kwayo muAcrylic
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ipurasitiki inozivikanwa zvikuru muinjiniya uye inozivikanwa zvikuru nemazita ekutengeserana akadai se "acrylic," "plexiglass," kana "girazi reacrylic." Chinhu ichi chinowanzo sarudzwa sechinotsiva girazi nekuti chakajeka, chakareruka, chakasimba, uye chakachengeteka kupfuura girazi nekuti hachiputsike nyore nyore kuita zvidimbu zvakapinza. Mushure mekuonekwa kwaro kuri nyore, PMMA chaizvoizvo imhedzisiro yemaitiro epolymerization emakemikari anodzorwa, kutanga kubva kumonomer methyl methacrylate (MMA). Chinyorwa chino chinotaura kuti PMMA inowanzo gadzirwa sei mumaindasitiri, matanho akakosha anobatanidzwa, uye mashandisirwo ayo muzvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveacrylic.
Kuziva PMMA: Purasitiki Yakajeka Inoshanda Zvakawanda
PMMA ipolymer yethermoplastic ine kujeka kwakanyanya, inodzivirira mamiriro ekunze (UV nehunyoro), uye kugadzikana kwakanaka. Dambudziko rayo rinosanganisira kukwenya kwayo kana ichienzaniswa negirazi uye kugona kwayo kutsemuka pasi pemitoro yakati wandei. Zvisinei, hunhu hwayo hunoita kuti PMMA inyatsokodzera kushandiswa kwakajeka, kunoda kugara kwenguva refu panze.
Muchimiro, PMMA inoumbwa kubva kumayuniti anodzokororwa anobva mukuumbwa kwemamonomer emethyl methacrylate (MMA). Maitiro ekushandura mamonomer emvura kuita mapolymer akasimba anogona kuitwa uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana, zvichienderana nechimiro chekupedzisira chechigadzirwa chaunoda: machira, tsvimbo, mapaipi, kana mapellets ekuisa jekiseni/kuumba.
Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvishandiso: MMA Monomer uye Initiator
Chinhu chikuru chinoshandiswa pakugadzira PMMA iMMA monomer, mvura yakajeka, inoshanduka-shanduka, uye inobvira. Kuti MMA igadzire macheni epolymer, chinhu chinotanga polymerization reaction chinodiwa. Zvinhu zvinotanga kutaurwa nezvazvo muindasitiri zvinosanganisira organic peroxides kana azo compounds. Pamusoro pezvo, zvichienderana nepfungwa dzechinangwa, maitiro acho anogona kusanganisira:
1. Mutongi/mutongi wekutamisa cheni kuti adzore hurefu hwecheni yepolymer (inokanganisa kusimba, simba, uye kugona kushandiswa).
2. Zvinosimbisa ganda kuti zvisaparadze polymerization panguva yekuchengetwa kwemonomer uye zvinobatsira kugadzikana kwechigadzirwa.
3. Zvinowedzerwa zvakaita semadhayi, zvinonyungudutsa UV, kana zvinogadzirisa impact kana uchida kuwedzera kusimba.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumaindasitiri, kugadzira uye kudzora maitiro kwakaoma zvikuru nekuti MMA polymerization reaction i exothermic (inogadzira kupisa). Kukanganisa kwekudzora kunogona kutungamira kumabubbles, zvikanganiso zvemaziso, kana kunyange njodzi dzekuchengetedza.
Nheyo Yekutanga: Kugadziriswa Kwemahara Kwemahara
Kugadzirwa kwePMMA kunowanzo shandiswa polymerization yemahara, iyo ine matanho matatu ekuita:
1. Kutanga: Mutangi anoora (semuenzaniso nekuda kwekupisa) achiburitsa ma free radicals.
2. Kupararira: Mafree radicals anoita zvinoenderana nemaMMA monomers uye anotanga kukura kwepolymer chain.
3. Kuguma: Kukura kwecheni kunomira nekuti ma radical maviri anosangana, kana nekuda kweimwe nzira yakaita sekutamiswa kwecheni.
Kudzora tembiricha, nguva yekuita, uye maumbirwo azvo zvakakosha pamhando yePMMA. Pakushandisa optical senge clear sheets, chinangwa chikuru ndechekuderedza mabubbles, makore, uye kusafanana.
Nzira Yakajairika Yekugadzira PMMA
Muchidimbu, kune nzira dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa neindasitiri kugadzira PMMA. Kusarudzwa kwenzira kunokanganisa kujeka, mutengo, kukurumidza kugadzirwa, uye chimiro chechigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
1) Kuumbwa kwePolymerization Yakawanda
Munzira iyi, MMA monomer inogadzirwa nepolymer isina solvent (kana muhuwandu hushoma). Zvakanakira zvayo zvinosanganisira kuchena kwakanyanya uye kujeka kwakanaka kwemaziso, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe kakawanda pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zve acrylic. Zvisinei, nekuti reaction yacho ine exothermic yakawanda uye viscosity inowedzera zvakanyanya sezvo reaction ichienderera mberi, kudzora kupisa idambudziko guru.
Kuti ugadzire machira eacrylic akaumbwa, monomer ine initiator inodururwa muchimiro chakati sandara (kazhinji inoiswa pakati pemagirazi maviri ane magaskets kuti ione ukobvu), yozodziiswa zvishoma nezvishoma muovheni. Kudziisa uku zvishoma nezvishoma kwakakosha kudzivirira kuumbwa kwemabubbles uye kushushikana kwemukati. Mushure mekunge polymerization yapera, jira rinotonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma (rinonamirwa) kuderedza kushushikana kwasara uye kuwedzera kugadzikana kwepepa.
Acrylic yakagadzirwa nesimbi inowanzo penya zvakanyanya, inodzivirira mamiriro ekunze zviri nani, uye iri nyore kupukuta, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya pakuratidza zvinhu zvepamusoro, maaquarium makuru, uye mashandisirwo ekuona.
2) Kugadziriswa kwePolymerization yeSuspension
Munzira yekumisa, MMA inoparadzirwa semadonhwe madiki mumvura uchishandisa chinhu chinomisa, yozogadzirwa kuita polymer kuita mabhesi. Mabhesi acho anozoomeswa uye anogona kunyungudutswa kana kugadzirwazve kuita mapellets ekuburitsa kana kubaya.
Zvakanakira nzira iyi zvinosanganisira kutonhora kuri nyore (mvura inobatsira kupinza kupisa), uye chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa negranular chakakodzera kugadzirwa kukuru. Nzira iyi inowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvePMMA zvinozogadziriswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana uchishandisa michina yekubvisa zvinhu kana michina yekuisa jekiseni.
3) Kugadziriswa kweMhinduro
Pano, MMA inogadzirwa nepolymer mu organic solvent. Kudzora kupisa kuri nani pane kuwanda, asi maitiro acho anoda danho rekuparadzanisa solvent, izvo zvinowedzera mutengo uye kuoma. Nzira iyi inowanzoshandiswa pakushandisa mashandisirwo chaiwo akadai sekugadzira ma resin kana ma coatings akavakirwa paPMMA.
4) Kugadziriswa kweEmulsion
Nzira ye emulsion inoshandisa surfactants nemvura kugadzira polymer latex. Izvi zvakajairika kune mamwe ma acrylic polymers mumapendi kana ma coatings, kunyangwe kune clear PMMA (acrylic glass), emulsions haisiyo sarudzo inosarudzwa nekuda kwezvinetso zvekucheneswa uye kujekesa. Zvisinei, pfungwa ye emulsion yakakosha mumhuri ye acrylic polymer yese.
Matanho Ekugadzirwa Kwechigadzirwa cheAcrylic (Sheet, Rod, uye Mamwe Maumbirwo)
Kana PMMA yagadzirwa, zvinhu zvinogona kugadziriswa kuita zvigadzirwa zve acrylic kuburikidza nenzira dzinoverengeka huru:
1. Kukanda (Cor): Inogadzira mapepa eacrylic akaumbwa ane mhando yepamusoro yechiedza.
2. Kubviswa kwechinhu: PMMA inonyungudutswa yobva yamanikidzwa kupinda mudhishi kuti ibudise jira, tsvimbo, pombi, kana chimiro chakaburitswa. Jasi rakaburitswa rinowanzo kudhura zvishoma uye rine ukobvu hwakafanana, asi kuramba kunyunguduka uye kuramba kupwanyika kwechinhu kunogona kusiyana nekwakaumbwa.
3. Kugadzira Jekiseni: Kune zvinhu zvakaoma zvakaita sema lenzi akareruka, mavharo, maknob, uye zvinhu zvemagetsi, kudzora tembiricha zvakanaka uye dhizaini yemafuru zvinodiwa kudzivirira mavanga ekuyerera kana kushushikana kwasara.
Pakushandisa kwekupedzisira, PMMA inogona kuchekwa nelaser, kuboorwa, kukotama nekupisa, kunamirwa nesimende yakakosha yekunyungudutsa, uye kupukutwa kuti mucheto ujeke zvakare.
Zvishandiso zvePMMA muzvigadzirwa zveAcrylic
PMMA inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwayo kwekunaka, kujeka, uye kuramba mamiriro ekunze.
1) Zvinhu Zvinotsiva Magirazi: Mahwindo, Madenga edenga, uye Zviratidziro Zvinoonekera
PMMA inowanzoshandiswa semapaneru akajeka ekuchengetedza michina, mapati, kana nzvimbo dzinovhara dzinoda kuonekwa. Mukuvaka, acrylic inoshandiswa mudenga, macanopies, uye zvinhu zvekushongedza, kunyanya nekuti yakareruka kupfuura girazi uye inodzivirira UV.
2) Kuratidzwa uye Zviratidzo
Mapepa eacrylic ari nyore kucheka nekunyora, kusanganisira ne lasers, zvichiita kuti afadze masaini, mabhokisi e neon, madhizaini ezvitoro, mafoto furemu, uye mastand ekushambadza. PMMA inoenderanawo nehunyanzvi hwekudhinda ne lamination.
3) Optics nemwenje
Nekuda kwekujeka kwayo kwakanyanya kwechiedza, PMMA inoshandiswa kune mwenje inopararira, mapaneru ekutungamira chiedza (LGPs), marambi emumvuri, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvechiedza. Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, PMMA inosarudzwa nekuda kwekufambiswa kwayo kwakanaka kwechiedza uye kugona kwayo kuve nemavara madiki kudzora kupararira kwechiedza.
4) Mota neKutakura
PMMA inoshandiswa mumakavha emwenje, mapaneru emukati, uye muzvinhu zvinoshongedza zvakajeka. Kusashanda kwemamiriro ekunze kwakanaka, kunyangwe polycarbonate yakagadziriswa kana PMMA dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kudzivirira kusimba kwakanyanya.
5) Zvekurapa uye Zvemazino
PMMA yagara ichishandiswa mumazino (semuenzaniso, denture bases) uye mune mamwe mashandisirwo ekurapa, sezvo ichigona kugadziriswa uye inoenderana nezvinodiwa mumuviri kune mamwe mashandisirwo. Zvisinei, mitemo yekurapa yakaoma, uye maitiro acho akasiyana nekugadzirwa kwakajairika.
6) Aquarium uye Maumbirwo Akakora
Acrylic yakakora inowanzoshandiswa kuma aquarium panels makuru nemahwindo ekutarisa nekuti inogona kugadzirwa yakakora zvikuru uku ichiramba yakajeka. Uyezve, PMMA inogona kupukutwa kuti irambe yakajeka.
Penutup
PMMA, kana kuti acrylic, ipurasitiki yakajeka inogadzirwa kuburikidza nepolymerization yeMMA monomers, kazhinji ne free-radical mechanism. Nzira dzekugadzira dzakadai se bulk, suspension, solution, uye emulsion dzinosarudzwa zvichienderana nechimiro uye mhando yechinhu chinodiwa. Kune mashandisirwo e premium clear acrylic, casting inowanzo sarudzwa nekuda kwekujeka kwayo kwakanaka kwe optical uye kunaka kwe surface. Panguva imwecheteyo, extrusion uye injection molding inotsigira kugadzirwa kwehuwandu kusingadhuri.
Nekusanganiswa kwayo nekujeka, kuramba mamiriro ekunze, uye kushanduka-shanduka kwemaitiro, PMMA inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha pakuratidza zviratidzo, kuratidza, mwenje, magadzirirwo, uye mamwe mashandisirwo ehunyanzvi. Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo ePMMA kunotibatsira kunzwisisa mutsauko wemhando pakati peacrylic yakagadzirwa neyakaiswa kunze, uye masarudzo akakodzera emhando yeacrylic yekushandisa zuva nezuva uye mumaindasitiri.
