Maumbirwo uye Mashandiro eAdrenal Gland
Matumbu eadrenal madiki asi akaomarara zvinoshamisa anoita basa guru mukuchengetedza homeostasis mumuviri wemunhu. Ari pamusoro peitsvo yega yega, matumbu aya akaita sepiramidhi anobatanidzwa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emuviri, kubva pakuchinja kwemuviri uye mhinduro yemuviri kusvika pakudzora kushushikana uye kuenzana kwema electrolyte. Kuti unzwisise kugona kunoshamisa kwematumbu eadrenal, zvakakosha kunzwisisa marongerwo awo akaomarara uye mabasa awo akawanda.
Maumbirwo eAdrenal Glands
Matumbu eadrenal akakamurwa kuita nzvimbo mbiri huru: adrenal cortex neadrenal medulla, imwe neimwe ine zvikamu zvakasiyana uye mabasa.
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal cortex ndiyo chikamu chekunze cheadrenal gland, chinoita 80-90% yehukuru hwayo. Yakakamurwazve kuita zvikamu zvitatu, chimwe nechimwe chiine basa rekugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzemahormone e steroid:
1. Zona Glomerulosa: Iri ndiro jira rekunze kweadrenal cortex. Rinonyanya kugadzira mineralocorticoids, dzakadai sealdosterone, iyo inokosha pakugadzirisa huwandu hwesodium nepotassium muropa. Aldosterone inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza BP uye hydration nekukurudzira kudzoreredzwa kwesodium muitsvo.
2. Zona Fasciculata: Iri pasi pe zona glomerulosa, chikamu ichi chepakati ndicho chikuru pane zvitatu. Chinogadzira glucocorticoids, cortisol ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Cortisol inowanzonzi "stress hormone" nekuda kwebasa rayo mukupindura kwemuviri kustress. Inokanganisawo maitiro akasiyana-siyana emetabolism, anosanganisira glucose metabolism, kuchengetedza mafuta, uye protein catabolism.
3. Zona Reticularis: Chikamu chemukati cheadrenal cortex, zona reticularis inoburitsa androgens, dzakadai sedehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Kunyange zvazvo mahormone aya achionekwa seasina simba, anoshanda senzira yekuunza mahormone epabonde ane simba akadai setestosterone neestrogen. Muvakadzi, adrenal androgens inobatsira zvikuru mukugadzirwa kweestrogen mushure mekuguma kuenda kumwedzi.
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal medulla ndiyo dumbu remukati meadrenal gland uye ine huwandu hunosvika 10-20% yehukuru hwayo. Inhengo yesystem yetsinga dzinobatsira mukusimudzira tsinga uye ndiyo inokonzera kugadzirwa kwe catecholamines, inonzi adrenaline (epinephrine) uye noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Mahormone aya anoburitswa mushure mekushushikana uye akakosha pakuita "kurwa kana kuti kubhururuka". Anowedzera kurova kwemoyo, BP, uye kuyerera kweropa kuenda kutsandanyama, zvichigadzirira muviri kupindura kunjodzi dzinouya nekukurumidza.
Basa reAdrenal Glands
Mahormone anogadzira adrenal glands akakosha pakuchengetedza mabasa akasiyana-siyana emuviri kuburikidza nemahormone aanogadzira. Ngationgororei mabasa chaiwo emahormone aya:
Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone neElectrolyte Balance
Aldosterone, inogadzirwa mu zona glomerulosa, inoita basa rakakosha mukudzora kuenzana kwe electrolyte uye BP. Inoshanda paitsvo nekukurudzira kudzoserwa kwe sodium uye kubviswa kwe potassium. Kuchengetwa kwe sodium uku kunobatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hweropa nekumanikidzwa, zvichiita kuti ropa rifambe zvakanaka uye kuti masero abude ropa. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirwa kwe aldosterone kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakaita se hyperaldosteronism, inoratidzwa ne BP yakakwira uye potassium yakaderera.
Glucocorticoids: Cortisol uye Metabolic Regulation
Cortisol, inogadzirwa mu zona fasciculata, ihormone inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana ine mhedzisiro dzakasiyana-siyana mumuviri. Inobatsira pakugadzirwa kweglucose nekukurudzira kugadzirwa kweglucose kubva kuzvinhu zvisiri zvemakabhohaidhiretsi, kuwedzera huwandu hweshuga muropa, uye kubatsira mukugadzirwa kwemafuta. Cortisol ine simba rekudzivirira kuzvimba uye kudzvinyirira masoja emuviri, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzirisa mhinduro yemasoja emuviri panguva yekushushikana kana kurwara.
Pamusoro pezvo, cortisol ine basa guru mukutenderera kweropa, nemazinga anowedzera mangwanani-ngwanani uye zvishoma nezvishoma anopera mukati mezuva. Kuchinja uku kwezuva nezuva kunorongwa ne hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, network yakaoma inosanganisira hypothalamus, pituitary gland, uye adrenal glands. Kusagadzikana kwekugadzirwa kwe cortisol kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakaita seCushing's syndrome (inozivikanwa ne cortisol yakawandisa) kana chirwere cheAddison (inozivikanwa ne cortisol isina kukwana).
Androgens: Mahormone Ebonde uye Kukura
Kunyange zvazvo adrenal cortex ichiburitsa mazinga akaderera e androgens zvichienzaniswa ne gonads, mahormone aya achiri kukosha kune akasiyana maitiro emuviri. Muvanhurume nevanhukadzi, adrenal androgens inobatsira mukukura kwehunhu hwechipiri hwepabonde, senge bvudzi repachipua nerepachigunwe. Muvakadzi, adrenal androgens ndiwo manyuko makuru e estrogen mushure mekuguma kuenda kumwedzi, zvichiratidza kukosha kwawo muhutano hwepashure pekubereka.
Catecholamines: Adrenaline neNoradrenaline mumhinduro yekushushikana
Kugadzirwa kwe catecholamines (adrenaline ne noradrenaline) mu adrenal medulla kunokosha pakuita kwemuviri nekukurumidza kupindura kushushikana. Pakusangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, sisitimu yetsinga inonzwira tsitsi inotanga kuburitsa mahormone aya muropa. Adrenaline inowedzera kurova kwemoyo, inowedzera nzira dzekufema, uye inounganidza matura esimba, zvichiita kuti muviri ugone kupindura nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kune njodzi dzinoonekwa. Noradrenaline inowedzera izvi nekudzikisa mitsipa yeropa, nokudaro ichichengetedza BP panguva dzematambudziko.
Mhinduro ye "kurwa kana kutiza" inorongwa ne catecholamines inokosha kuti munhu apone, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakwanise kutarisana kana kuti vatize njodzi. Zvisinei, kushanda kwenguva refu kwemhinduro iyi nekuda kwekushushikana kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano, kusanganisira BP, chirwere chemwoyo, uye matambudziko ekuzvidya mwoyo.
Migumisiro yeKliniki uye Matambudziko
Kusashanda zvakanaka kweadrenal glands kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana, rimwe nerimwe riine zviratidzo zvakasiyana:
1. Cushing's Syndrome: Chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa nekuwanda kwecortisol kwenguva refu. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kuwedzera uremu, kunyanya kumeso nedumbu, kushaya simba kwetsandanyama, uye kutetepa kweganda. Chinogona kukonzerwa nemabundu eadrenal, bundu repituitary (chirwere cheCushing), kana kushandiswa kwemishonga yekunze ye corticosteroid.
2. Chirwere cheAddison: Chinozivikanwawo seprimary adrenal insufficiency, chirwere cheAddison chinoitika kana adrenal glands ikasagadzira cortisol yakakwana uye, mune dzimwe nguva, aldosterone. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kuneta, kudzikira kwehuremu, BP yakaderera, uye hyperpigmentation yeganda. Kazhinji chirwere che autoimmune, asi hutachiona kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinogonawo kukonzera.
3. Hyperaldosteronism: Chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwealdosterone, zvichikonzera kukwira kweropa uye potassium shoma. Izvi zvinogona kukonzerwa neadrenal hyperplasia kana aldosterone-producing adenomas.
4. Pheochromocytoma: Gomarara risingawanzoitiki remudumbu, pheochromocytoma rinotungamira mukugadzirwa kwakanyanya kwe catecholamines. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira BP yakanyanya, kurova kwemoyo, kudikitira, uye kuzvidya mwoyo. Kuongororwa nekukurumidza uye kubviswa kwegomarara racho kwakakosha kudzivirira matambudziko anogona kutyisidzira hupenyu.
mhedziso
Matumbu eadrenal, kunyange zvazvo ari madiki, ane simba guru pakushanda kwemuviri wese. Kuburikidza nekugadzira mahormone akakosha, anodzora maitiro akakosha akadai se metabolism, kupindura kwekushushikana, electrolyte balance, uye kukura. Kunzwisisa chimiro nebasa rematumbu eadrenal hakungowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu kukosha kwawo mumuviri chete asiwo kunosimbisa kukosha kwekuchengetedza hutano hwavo kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti hutano hwakanaka. Kungave nekupindura kutyisidziro dzepakarepo kana mod
