Mashandiro anoita Alveoli muGas Exchange
Sisitimu yekufema yemunhu inoshamisa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvayo zvakaoma uye zvakakosha ialveoli, tumasagi tudiki twemhepo mumapapu tunoita kuti basa rekuchinjana magasi rive nyore. Kuti tinzwisise kuomarara kwealveoli, ngationgororei chimiro chayo, mashandiro ayo, uye basa rayo mukuchengetedza homeostasis mumuviri.
Maumbirwo eAlveoli
Matumbu eAlveoli zvidiki, zvakaita semabharumu kumagumo emabronchioles, nzira diki diki mugwara rekufema. Bapu rega rega rine maalveoli angangoita mamiriyoni mazana matatu kusvika mazana mashanu, zvichiguma nenzvimbo yakakura inosvika 70 square metres, inova saizi yedare retenisi.
Alveolus yega yega ine saga rakatetepa, rakapfava rine madziro akapfava rine jira rimwe chete remasero epithelial anozivikanwa semasero erudzi rwekutanga nerwechipiri ealveolar. Masero erudzi rwekutanga akati sandara uye anofukidza inenge 95% yenzvimbo yepamusoro yealveolar, achiita basa rakakosha mukupararira kwegasi. Masero erudzi rwechipiri, kunyangwe ari mashoma, anoshandawo mabasa akakosha, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwesurfactant, chinhu chinonzi lipoprotein chinoderedza kushushikana kwenzvimbo mukati mealveoli, zvichidzivirira kuti isaputsike uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti gasi rinochinjana zvakanaka.
Pedyo nemadziro e alveolar pane network yakakora ye capillaries—tsinga diki dzeropa dzinobatsira kuchinjana kwemagasi pakati pemapapu neropa. Kuswedera pedyo kwe alveoli ne capillaries kunoumba alveolar-capillary barrier, kazhinji ine ukobvu hwe 0.5 kusvika 1.5 micrometers, izvo zvinobvumira kupararira kwemagasi zvinobudirira.
Basa reAlveoli muGas Exchange
Kuchinjana kwemagasi kunonyanya kusanganisira kuchinjana kweokisijeni (O₂) nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂) pakati pealveoli neropa. Kuchinjana uku kunotungamirirwa nekupararira kuri nyore, nzira iyo mamorekuru anotama kubva kunzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakanyanya kuenda kunzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakaderera.
Panguva yekufema, mhepo inopinda mualveoli, ichiiwedzera oxygen. Mamorekuru eokisijeni anobva apararira nepa alveolar membrane achipinda muropa re capillary, uko anobatana nemamorekuru e hemoglobin ari mumasero matsvuku eropa kuti atakurwe mumuviri wese. Panguva imwe chete, kabhoni dhayidhiokisi, tsvina ye metabolic, inopararira kubva muropa ichienda mu alveoli, uko ichaburitswa panguva yekufema.
Simba rinosunda kupararira kwegasi iri ichikamu chekumanikidzwa kweropa—okisijeni nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi zvinofamba zvichidzika pakati peropa realveoli neropa recapillary. Semuenzaniso, chikamu chekumanikidzwa kweokisijeni chakakwira mualveoli pane muropa recapillary, zvichiita kuti okisijeni ipararire muropa, nepo chikamu chekumanikidzwa kwekabhoni dhayokisaidhi chakakwira muropa pane mualveoli, zvichikonzera kuti ipararire mualveoli.
Kukosha kweSurfactant uye Kumanikidzwa kwePasi
Basa rema surfactants mukuita uku harina kunyanya kusimbiswa. Yakagadzirwa nemasero e alveolar erudzi rwechipiri, surfactant inoderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana kwenzvimbo iri mu alveoli. Kudzikiswa uku kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kugadzikana kwema alveolar sacs, kunyanya panguva yekufema kunosanganisira kuzadza nekuburitsa alveoli kakawanda.
Pasina surfactant, alveoli yaizowanzodonha, kunyanya panguva yekufema. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwemvura iri mukati mealveoli, iyo yaizogadzira simba rinoputsa alveoli. Surfactant inovhiringidza simba iri, zvichiita kuti alveoli irambe yakavhurika uye ichivimbisa kuchinjana kwemagasi nguva dzose.
Basa reRopa Rinoyerera Mukutsinhana kweGasi
Kufambiswa kweokisijeni nekabhoni dhayiokisi kunoenderanawo zvakanyanya nekuyerera kweropa mumapapu—kuyerera kweropa kubva pamwoyo kuenda kumapapu nekumashure. Ropa risina oxygen, rinodzoka kubva mukufamba kweropa muropa, rinopombwa ne ventricle yekurudyi yemoyo kuenda mutsinga dzemapapu. Mitsinga iyi inopararira ichipinda mutsinga dzinokomberedza alveoli.
Kana ropa riri pa alveolar interface rawana okisijeni kuburikidza nekupararira, rinounganidzwa netsinga dzemapapu rodzoserwa kuruboshwe rwemoyo, kubva ipapo rinopombwa kuenda kusystemic circulation kuti ripe okisijeni kumatishu nenhengo.
Kubatanidza Kufefetera-Kuyerera Kwemhepo
Kuti pave nekutsinhana kwemagasi kwakanaka, panofanira kuva nekuenzana pakati pemhepo inofefetera (mhepo inosvika mualveoli) uye kuyerera kweropa (ropa rinosvika mualveoli kuburikidza necapillaries). Kuenzana uku, kunozivikanwa sekubatanidza kupinza-kupinza kweropa, kunoita kuti ropa rienderane nemhepo iri mualveoli, zvichiita kuti kuchinjana kwemagasi kushande zvakanaka.
Maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuviri anodzora kubatana uku. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzemapapu dzinowana oxygen shoma (dzisina mhepo yakakwana) dzinokonzera kuvharika kweropa—kutetepa kwetsinga dzeropa—kuti ropa riende kunzvimbo dzine mhepo iri nani. Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzine mhepo yakanaka dzinokurudzira kuvharika kweropa—kupararira kwetsinga dzeropa—kuti ropa riwedzere kufamba munzvimbo idzodzo. Mhinduro iyi inochinja-chinja inoita kuti maalveoli ane mhepo yakanakisa aonekwe seanonyanya kukosha pakuyerera kweropa, zvichiita kuti gasi rishande zvakanaka.
Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kuchinjana Kwegasi
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchinjana kwegasi mu alveoli. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
1. Nzvimbo Yepamusoro: Chero mamiriro ezvinhu anoderedza huwandu hwealveoli inoshanda kana nzvimbo yavo yepamusoro, senge emphysema, anokanganisa kuchinjana kwemagasi.
2. Ukobvu hweAlveolar-Capillary Barrier: Muzvirwere zvakaita se pulmonary fibrosis, kukobvu kwechinhu ichi kunodzivirira kupararira kwemagasi, zvichideredza kushanda kwekuchinjana kwemagasi.
3. Zvikamu zveKudzvanyirira: Kureba, mamwe mamiriro ehutano, kana kusapinda kwemhepo zvakanaka zvinogona kuderedza kudzvanyirira kwechikamu kunodiwa kuti mhepo ipararire.
4. Kuyerera kweRopa: Kufamba kweropa mumapapu kunokanganisa, sezvinoonekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai se pulmonary embolism, kunogona kuvharira ropa zvakanyanya kuenda ku alveoli, zvichikanganisa kuchinjana kwemagasi.
5. Kugadzirwa kweSurfactant: Kusagadzirwa kwesurfactant yakakwana, inowanikwa muvana vacheche vasati vasvika nguva kana zvimwe zvirwere zvemapapu, zvinogona kukonzera kudonha kwealveolar uye kukanganisa kuchinjana kwegasi.
mhedziso
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita alveoli kunotsanangura hunhu hwakaoma asi hwakanaka hwemaitiro emuviri anoita kuti hupenyu huvepo. Zvimiro zvidiki izvi zvakakosha pakuona kuti okisijeni inosvika munyama dzedu ukuwo ichibvisa carbon dioxide zvinobudirira. Kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza hutano hwe alveolar kwakakosha, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwematanho akadai sekudzivirira kusvuta, kutarisira zvirwere zvisingaperi, uye kuona kuti pamuviri panofanira kutarisirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira matambudziko ane chekuita ne alveolar.
Muchidimbu, basa realveoli mukutsinhana kwegasi humbowo hwemagadzirirwo akaomarara uye anoshanda ari mu physiology yevanhu, zvichiratidza kuenzana kwakapfava kunotsigira hupenyu hwedu.
