Dzidziso yeMafungu eMechanical
Mafungu emakanika zvinhu zvakakosha mufizikisi, zvichikanganisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai seinjiniya, oceanography, geology, uye kunyange mushonga. Pakati pawo, mafungu emakanika zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvinofambisa simba kuburikidza nechinhu chisina kutakura zvinhu. Kunzwisisa dzidziso iri shure kwemafungu emakanika kunogona kubatsira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana echisikigo neeinjiniya.
Chii Chinonzi Mechanical Waves?
Mafungu emakanika anoda nzira yekufambisa. Nzira iyi inogona kuva yakasimba, yemvura, kana gasi. Kusiyana nemafungu emagetsi, anogona kufamba mu vacuum, mafungu emakanika anoda zvidimbu kuti atumire simba. Mafungu aya anogona kukamurwa kuita mafungu anotenderera uye mafungu enguva refu.
Mafungu Akachinjika
Mumafungu anochinjika, kuchinjika kwezvikamu kunoenderana nekwakatangira kupararira kwemafungu. Fungidzira tambo yakasungirirwa kune rimwe divi ichikwira nekudzika kune rimwe divi. Mafungu anofamba akatwasuka ukuwo kuchinjika kwetambo kwakamira. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mafungu emvura uye mafungu eS-seismic (mafungu echipiri).
Mafungu Enguva Refu
Mumafungu enguva refu, kutama kwezvikamu kunoenderana nekupararira kwemafungu. Muenzaniso wekare ifungu reruzha apo kudedera kwemamorekuru emhepo kunofamba kwakafanana negwara rinofamba nemafungu. Mumwe muenzaniso ifungu reP (fungu guru) rinogadzirwa panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Zvivakwa zveMafungu
Kuti unzwisise zvizere mafungu emakanika, munhu anofanira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvakasiyana:
Wavelength (λ)
Wavelength idaro riri pakati pemapoinzi maviri akatevedzana muchikamu, akadai se crest-to-crest kana trough-to-trough mu transverse wave. Inotsanangura hurefu hweimwe complete wave cycle.
Kuwanda (f)
Mafambiro (frequency) inhamba yemafungu anotenderera achipfuura poindi imwe panguva imwe, inowanzo kuyerwa muHertz (Hz).
Nguva (T)
Nguva iyi inguva inotorwa pakutenderera kamwe chete kwemafungu, uye ndiyo nguva inodzokororwa (T = 1/f).
Kukura kwehuwandu (A)
Amplitude ndiyo nzira yakanyanya yekutama kwezvikamu kubva panzvimbo yazvo yekuzorora uye ndiyo inosarudza simba remafungu. Amplitude yakakura inoreva mafungu ane simba rakawanda.
Kumhanya (v)
Kumhanya kwemafungu kunoenderana nepakati nerudzi rwemafungu. Kune mafungu emakanika, fomura ndeiyi:
\[ v = f \lambda \]
Kumhanya kwemafungu kunoenderana nemaitiro echinhu chacho, zvakaita sekusimba kwacho uye huremu hwacho.
Maequations emafungu
Equation huru inodzora mafungu emakanika ndiyo equation yemafungu. Kune wave ine divi rimwe chete, inotora chimiro ichi:
\[ \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} \]
Pano, \( u \) inomiririra basa remafungu (displacement), \( c \) ispeed yemafungu, \( t \) inguva, uye \( x \) i spatial coordinate.
Kutakura Simba
Mafungu emakanika anotakura simba pasina kufamba kwezvinhu. Simba rinotamiswa rinoenderana nehukuru hwemafungu uye frequency. Semuenzaniso, simba \( E \) muwave iri nyore yeharmonic rinoenderana nesquare yehukuru hwaro \( A \) uye frequency yaro \( f \):
\[ E \propto A^2 f^2 \]
Hukama uhwu hunosimbisa kuti nei mafungu ane mafrequency akakwira uye mafungu ane amplitude yakakwira achitakura simba rakawanda.
Kupindira uye Kupatsanurwa
Mafungu ane maitiro akasiyana paanosangana nezvipingamupinyi, maburi, kana mamwe mafungu:
chipingaidzo
Kana mafungu maviri akasangana, anopindirana, zvichikonzera kupindirana. Zvichienderana nehukama hwavo hwechikamu, zvinogona kukonzera kupindirana kunovaka (kuwedzera amplitude) kana kupindirana kunoparadza (kuderedza amplitude).
Diffraction
Kupararira kunoitika kana mafungu akasangana nechipingamupinyi kana mukana. Mafungu anopararira kana "kukombama" pamakona. Hunhu uhwu hwakakosha mukushandiswa kwakadai se ultrasound imaging uye kuongorora maitiro emafungu mumidhiya yakasiyana.
Kufambiswa kwemafungu uye Kufungisisa
Kana mafungu emuchina achifamba kubva kune imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe, chikamu chawo chinotapurirwa, uye chikamu chacho chinoonekwa. Maitiro acho anoenderana ne impedance ye media, inova kuramba kupararira kwemafungu. Pamasvomhu, impedance \( Z \) inopiwa na:
\[ Z = \rho v \]
apo \( \rho \) iri density uye \( v \) iri kumhanya kwemafungu ari pakati nepakati.
Chiyero chekuratidzira \( R \) uye chiyero chekutumira \( T \) zvinogona kubva pakusashanda kwemidziyo yese miviri:
\[ R = \left( \frac{Z_2 – Z_1}{Z_2 + Z_1} \right)^2 \]
\[ T = \frac{4Z_1 Z_2}{(Z_1 + Z_2)^2} \]
Ma coefficients aya anoona kuti ingani yemafungu inodzokororwa kana kutumirwa kuburikidza ne interface.
Applications
Engineering
Mafungu emagetsi anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira zvivakwa nemabhiriji, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinonyanya kudengenyeka kwenyika. Kunzwisisa maitiro emafungu kunobatsira mainjiniya kugadzira zvivakwa zvinogona kutsungirira zviitiko zvekudengenyeka kwenyika.
mushonga
Mukuongorora zvirwere, mafungu e ultrasound anoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Mafungu eruzha ane ruzha rwakawanda anogadzira mifananidzo yemukati memuviri, zvichibatsira vanachiremba kuongorora zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana pasina nzira dzekurapa dzinokanganisa.
Oceanography
Kudzidza nezvemafungu egungwa kunobatsira mukufanotaura maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye kunzwisisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Nekuongorora hunhu hwemafungu, masayendisiti anogona kuunganidza data pamusoro pemafungu egungwa, masimba emhepo, uye kunyange mhedzisiro yenjodzi dzechisikigo dzakadai setsunami.
Seismology
Mafungu emagetsi anokonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika (mafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika) anopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemaumbirwo emukati meNyika. Kutarisa mafungu aya kunobatsira kufanotaura zviitiko zvekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuita masisitimu ekunyevera epakutanga.
mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvemafungu emagetsi inzvimbo ine simba uye inochinja-chinja inobatanidza mativi akasiyana-siyana. Kubva pakurovera zvinyoro nyoro kwemafungu emvura pamhenderekedzo yegungwa kusvika kusimba rinoparadza remafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika, kunzwisisa hunhu hwawo, maitiro, uye maequation zvinotsigira kufambira mberi kwakawanda kwesainzi neinjiniya. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi uye kunzwisisa kwedu kuchikura, dzidziso yemafungu emagetsi icharamba ichiita basa guru mukuvandudza nekugadzirisa zvinhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
