Zvidzidzo paParticle Physics
Physics yezvikamu, inowanzoonekwa senzvimbo yepamusoro yesainzi yepakutanga, inotsvaga kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvezvinhu zvidiki zvikuru uye masimba makuru anodzora kudyidzana kwazvo. Nekudzidza zvidimbu zvakaita sequarks, leptons, uye bosons, masayendisiti anotarisira kupindura mibvunzo yakadzama nezvekwakabva, chimiro, uye mugumo wezvose zvakasikwa. Tsvagiridzo mufizikisi yezvikamu yakatungamira mukuwana zvinhu zvinoshamisa, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, uye yakatokurudzira kufungisisa kweuzivi nezvehunhu hwekuvapo.
Historical Background
Rwendo rwefizikisi yezvikamu runogona kuteverwa kudzokera kumashure kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nekuwanikwa kwemaerekitironi naJJ Thomson uye nucleus naErnest Rutherford. Nekufamba kwenguva, kunzwisisa kwemaumbirwo eatomu kwakawedzera nemuenzaniso weatomu waNiels Bohr uye kuwanikwa kweneutron naJames Chadwick. Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakava nekuwanda kwekuwana, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yemhuka ine mesons, baryons, nezvimwe, izvo zvakazoda kunzwisisa kwakarongeka.
Muenzaniso wequark wakakurudzirwa naMurray Gell-Mann naGeorge Zweig muma1960 wakachinja nzvimbo iyi. Zvichienderana nemuenzaniso uyu, mapurotoni, manyuturoni, nedzimwe hadroni zvinoumbwa nezvidimbu zvidiki zvinonzi maquark. Standard Model yeParticle Physics, yakagadzirwa muma1970, yakabatanidza zvakawanikwa izvi kuita framework inotsanangura masimba matatu emasimba mana anozivikanwa (electromagnetic, weak, uye strong interaction), pamwe chete nekupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvese zvepuraimari zvinozivikanwa.
Muenzaniso Wakajairika
Standard Model yakabudirira zvikuru mukupa hurongwa hwakazara hwekunzwisisa zvidimbu zvekutanga. Muenzaniso uyu unoisa zvidimbu zvese zvekutanga muzvikamu zvefermions (zvidimbu zvezvinhu) uye bosons (zvidimbu zvinotakura simba).
– Fermions: Idzi dzakakamurwa kuita quarks ne leptons. Kune mhando nhanhatu (flavours) dzequarks—kumusoro, pasi, charm, strange, kumusoro, uye pasi—uye mhando nhanhatu dzeleptons—electron, muon, tau, uye neutrinos dzinoenderana.
– MaBosons: Izvi zvinosanganisira photon (simba remagetsi), W neZ bosons (simba risina simba), gluons (simba rakasimba), uye Higgs boson, iyo inokosha kuti zvidimbu zviwane huremu.
Imwe yenzira dzakabudirira zvikuru dzeStandard Model kwaive kufanotaura uye kuwanikwa kwakazotevera kweHiggs boson paLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) muna 2012. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungosimbisa mashandiro ekugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda chete asiwo kwaimiririra chikamu chekupedzisira cheStandard Model puzzle.
Kupfuura Muenzaniso Wakajairwa
Kunyange zvazvo Standard Model yakabudirira zvikuru, inozivikanwa zvikuru seisina kukwana. Semuenzaniso, haina simba regiravhiti, iro rinotsanangurwa neGeneral Relativity. Pamusoro pezvo, haigone kutsanangura zvinhu zverima nesimba rerima, izvo zvinoumba inenge 95% yenyika yose. Muenzaniso uyu unonetsekawo kutsanangura kusawirirana kwezvinhu-antimatter kunoonekwa muchadenga.
Dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana uye mamodheru akakurudzirwa kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi izvi:
– Supersymmetry (SUSY): Dzidziso iyi inoti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chiri muStandard Model chine superpartner inoenderana nacho. Superpartner idzi dzinogona kugadzirisa dambudziko rehurongwa hwezvinhu uye kupa vanhu vanoda zvinhu zverima.
– Dzidziso yeTambo: Ichiratidza kuti zvidimbu zvidiki tambo dzine divi rimwe chete kwete zvinhu zvakaita sepoint-like, dzidziso iyi ine chinangwa chekubatanidza masimba ese epasi, kusanganisira simba rinokwevera pasi, kuita furemu imwe chete. Kunyangwe iri yakanaka, haisati yaita fungidziro dzinogona kuyedzwa dzinogona kuonekwa nekuyedza.
– Dzidziso Dzakabatana Dzakawanda (GUTs): Dzidziso idzi dzinoedza kubatanidza masimba emagetsi, asina simba, uye akasimba kuita simba rimwe chete. Kubatana kunobudirira kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu epasi rekutanga.
Nzira dzekuedza
Fizikisi yekuedza yezvikamu inonyanya kushandisa ma "accelerator" ane simba guru, ma "detectors" epamusoro, uye matekiniki ekuongorora data akanyanya kunaka. LHC kuCERN ndiyo "accelerator" ine simba guru uye rakakura kupfuura mamwe pasi rose. Nekupwanya maprotoni pamwe chete nekumhanya kwechiedza, inodzokorodza mamiriro akafanana neaya achangobva kuitika mushure meBig Bang, zvichibvumira mafizikisi kuongorora zvikamu zvekutanga nemasimba pachiyero chisina kumboitika.
Zvishandiso zvekuongorora zvakaita seATLAS neCMS paLHC zvinoita basa rakakosha mukuyedza uku. Zvine masensa anoteedzera nzira dzezvimedu, anoyera simba, uye anoona mhando dzezvimedu zvichienderana nekudyidzana kwazvinoita nezvinhu.
Uyezve, nzvimbo dzinoongorora ma neutrino dzakadai seIceCube neSuper-Kamiokande dzinoongorora hunhu hwema neutrinos, zvidimbu zvisinganzwisisike zvinogona kuva kiyi yekunzwisisa kusawirirana kwechadenga uye mashandiro ari shure kwe supernovae nezvimwe zviitiko zvemuchadenga.
Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvakawanikwa uye Zvakaitika
– Higgs Boson: Akasimbisa mashandiro eHiggs ekugadzira huwandu.
- Antimatter: Yakatungamira kupfungwa yeantimatter, ichisimudzira kutsvagurudza muhunyanzvi hwekurapa hwekufungidzira senge PET scans.
– Quark-Gluon Plasma: Zvidzidzo zvekurovera kwemaion ane heavy-ion zvakadzokorora mamiriro aya ekutanga emuchadenga, zvichipa ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu echinhu pakupisa kwakanyanya.
Kupfuura sainzi yepakutanga, fizikisi yezvipenyu zvakasimudzira kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji nemaindasitiri. Iyo World Wide Web, yakagadzirwa kuCERN, yakachinja kutaurirana kwepasi rose. Tekinoroji yekumhanyisa zvipenyu yakawana mashandisirwo mukurapa, senge kenza radiotherapy. Uyezve, hunyanzvi mu superconducting magnets, cryogenics, uye nzira dzekuverenga zvakave nemigumisiro yakapararira mutekinoroji.
Zvichaitika mune ramangwana
Remangwana refizikisi yezvipenyu rine tariro, nemapurojekiti makuru akati wandei ari kuuya. Chirongwa cheFuture Circular Collider (FCC) cheCERN chine chinangwa chekuongorora miganhu mitsva yesimba rakakwirira uye zvidzidzo zvakadzama zveHiggs boson nezvimwe zvipenyu.
Uyezve, kuyedza kwechizvarwa chinotevera che neutrino kwakadai seDUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) kunotarisirwa kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pehunhu hwe neutrino uye kusawirirana pakati pezvinhu nezvinhu uye antimatter.
Pamusoro pezvo, kutsvaga zvinhu zvitema kuri kuramba kuri chinhu chikuru. Kuedza kwakadai seAxion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) uye nzira dzekuongorora zvakananga dzinosanganisira ma detector anonzwa zvakanyanya mumarabhoritari akadzika pasi pevhu zvinoedza kuwana zvidimbu zvezvinhu zvitema zvisingawanikwe.
mhedziso
Fizikisi yezvikamu inomiririra kuda kwevanhu kunzwisisa misimboti iri pasi pechisiko chose. Pasinei nekuoma kwayo uye zviyero zvakakura zvinobatanidzwa, inomutsa mibvunzo inobata pfungwa nekufungidzira zvakafanana. Sezvo dzidziso dzichichinja uye kuyedza kuchikura zvakanyanya, munda uyu unovimbisa kuvhura zvikamu zvakadzama zvechokwadi, uchitungamira kufambira mberi kwesainzi netekinoroji munzira dzatisingakwanise kufungidzira.
Rwendo rwekunzwisisa zvakasikwa, kufanana nezvidimbu zvacho, rwuri kuenderera mberi uye rwunogara rwuchibuda. Uye nekuwana kwese, tinoswedera pedyo nechokwadi chekupedzisira chinoumba denga.
