Dzidziso yakakosha yehukama - matambudziko nemhinduro
1. Chinhu chine urefu hwemamita makumi matanhatu chinofamba nekumhanya kwe0.6 c (c = kumhanya kwechiedza). Sekureva kwemucherechedzi akamira, kureba kwechinhu chacho ndekwei?
Zvinozivikanwa:
Kureba kwakakodzera (Lo ) = mamita makumi matanhatu
Kumhanya kwechinhu (v) = 0.6 c
Zvinodiwa: Kureba kwehurefu (L)
c = kumhanya kwechiedza
L = kureba kwakakodzera
L = kureba kwekudzikira
Kureba kwekudzikira (L):
2. Chiitiko chinoonekwa nemucherechedzi asingamiri kwemasekondi gumi nemaviri. Ndeipi nguva yechiitiko ichi, zvichienderana nemucherechedzi anofamba nekumhanya kwe0.8 c (c = kumhanya kwechiedza).
Zvinozivikanwa:
Nguva yenguva yechiitiko zvichienderana nemucherechedzi asingamiri (t s ) = masekondi gumi nemaviri
Kumhanya kwemucherechedzi (v) = 0.8 c
Zvinodiwa: Nguva yechiitiko zvichienderana neanoshanda anofamba nekumhanya kwe 0.8 c (t m )
Solution:
Kuenzanisa kwekuwedzerwa kwenguva:
t s = nguva yakatarwa zvichienderana nemucherechedzi asingamiri
t m = nguva yakatarwa zvichienderana nemucherechedzi ari kufamba
Nguva yakatarwa zvichienderana nemucherechedzi anofamba (t m ):
Mibvunzo makumi maviri nemhinduro dzepfungwa dzine chekuita nedzidziso yakakosha yehukama:
1. Mubvunzo: Ndezvipi zvinhu zvakakosha zviri pasi pedzidziso chaiyo yehukama?
Mhinduro: Pfungwa mbiri idzi ndedzinoti: (1) Mitemo yefizikisi yakafanana mune zvese zvinetial frames zvekutarisa, uye (2) Kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum hakuchinji uye hakuenderane nekufamba kwechinhu kana muoni.
2. Mubvunzo: Kuwedzerwa kwenguva kunoitika sei zvichienderana nedzidziso chaiyo yehukama?
Mhinduro: Kuwedzerwa kwenguva kunoreva chiitiko apo nguva inoita seinofamba zvishoma kune mucherechedzi ari kufamba zvichienzaniswa neanenge ambozorora, zvichipiwa nehukama Δt' = Δt/√(1 – v²/c²), apo v iri relative velocity uye c iri relative speed yechiedza.
3. Mubvunzo: Kureba kwekudzikira kwedumbu chii?
Mhinduro: Kureba kwechinhu kunoratidza kuti chinhu chinoita sechipfupi pane kwachinofamba kubva pakuona kwemucherechedzi akamira, zvichienzaniswa nekureba kwacho kwakakodzera kana chakazorora.
4. Mubvunzo: Dzidziso yakakosha yehukama inokanganisa sei pfungwa yekubatana panguva imwe chete?
Mhinduro: Zviitiko zvinoonekwa panguva imwe chete kune mumwe mucherechedzi zvinogona kusaonekwa panguva imwe chete kune mumwe mucherechedzi achifamba nespeed yakasiyana. Saka, nguva imwe chete inoenderana.
5. Mubvunzo: Chii chinorehwa neshoko rekuti "relativistic mass"?
Mhinduro: Kurema kunotsamira pachiyero zvinoreva kuwedzera kwehukuru hunoshanda hwechinhu sezvo kumhanya kwacho kuchisvika pakumhanya kwechiedza. Kunopihwa ne m = m₀/√(1 – v²/c²), apo m₀ ndiyo huwandu hwakasara.
6. Mubvunzo: Dzidziso inokosha yehukama inobatanidza sei simba nehuremu?
Mhinduro: Hukama hwacho hunopiwa neE = mc², zvichiratidza kuti simba (E) nehuremu (m) zvakaenzana uye zvinogona kushandurwa kuita chimwe nechimwe.
7. Mubvunzo: Chii chinorehwa nekumhanya kwechiedza (c) mudzidziso iyi?
Mhinduro: Mudzidziso yakakosha ye relativity, kumhanya kwechiedza ndiko kumhanya kukuru uko ruzivo kana zvinhu zvinogona kufamba, uye kunoramba kuripo mumafuremu ese asina simba.
8. Mubvunzo: Sei zvisingaite kuti zvinhu zvine huremu zvisvike kana kupfuura kumhanya kwechiedza?
Mhinduro: Sezvo kumhanya kwechinhu kuchiswedera pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza, huwandu hwacho hwe relativistic hunowedzera, zvichida simba risingaperi kuti chikurumidzire kusvika pakumhanya kwechiedza pachacho.
9. Mubvunzo: Kuwedzerwa kwekukurumidza kunoshanda sei mukuenzanisa kwakakosha?
Mhinduro: Kusiyana nemakanika ekare, mavelocities haawedzere zvakananga. Kana u iri kumhanya kwechinhu chimwe chete sezvakaonekwa mufuremu ichifamba nespeed v, saka kumhanya kwayo maererano nemucherechedzi asingamiri iu' = (u + v) / (1 + uv/c²).
10. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi shanduko yeLorentz?
Mhinduro: Kuchinja kwaLorentz inzira dzemasvomhu dzinobatanidza nzvimbo nenguva yechiitiko mune imwe inertial frame nedziri mune imwe dzichifamba nekumhanya kwakasimba kana tichienzanisa nekutanga.
11. Mubvunzo: Kuwirirana kwakakosha kunokanganisa sei kuchengetedzwa kwesimba?
Mhinduro: Momentum inoramba yakachengetedzwa, asi tsananguro ye momentum inova relativistic, kusanganisira factor yekuwedzera relativistic mass: p = mv/√(1 – v²/c²).
12. Mubvunzo: Dzidziso chaiyo yehukama inoenderana here neNewtonian mechanics?
Mhinduro: Ehe, kana mafambiro ari madiki pane kumhanya kwechiedza, fungidziro dzehukama hwakakosha dzinoenderana nedzeNewtonian mechanics.
13. Mubvunzo: Chii chinokanganisa kukwegura kwemunhu kana nguva yapera?
Mhinduro: Munhu anofamba nekumhanya kwe relativistic anokura zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura munhu akaramba akamira. Iyi ndiyo "twin paradox" apo mumwe mapatya anofamba nekumhanya kwepedyo nechiedza uye anodzoka ari mudiki pane mapatya akasara.
14. Mubvunzo: Special relativity inotsanangura sei simba patsva?
Mhinduro: Simba rose ihuwandu hwesimba rekuzorora kwechinhu (mc²) uye simba rayo rekufamba. Kunyangwe pakuzorora, chinhu chine simba nekuda kwehuremu hwacho.
15. Mubvunzo: Pane chinhu chingafamba nekukurumidza kupfuura chiedza zvichienderana nehukama hwakakosha here?
Mhinduro: Kwete, kumhanya kwechiedza ndiko kunonyanya kudiwa nevanhu vose. MaTachyon, zvidimbu zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinofamba nekukurumidza kupfuura chiedza, hazvienderane nedzidziso yacho.
16. Mubvunzo: Huremu hunokanganiswa sei nekumhanya kwe relativistic?
Mhinduro: Sezvo kumhanya kwechinhu kuchiswedera pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza, huwandu hwacho hwe relativistic hunowedzera pasina muganho, zvichida simba rakawanda kuti chiwedzere kumhanya.
17. Mubvunzo: Nheyo yechikonzero inobata basa rei muhukama hwakakosha?
Mhinduro: Nheyo yechikonzero, apo chikonzero chinotangira mhedzisiro, inoramba ichichengetwa muhukama hwakakosha, ndosaka kumhanya kwemuganhu wechiedza kuchikosha.
18. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi spacetime?
Mhinduro: Nguva yemuchadenga inosanganisa zviyero zvitatu zvenzvimbo nechikamu chechina chenguva kuita continuum ine mativi mana, inokosha pakugadzira mubatanidzwa wezvinhu.
19. Mubvunzo: Special relativity inoona sei nzvimbo nenguva?
Mhinduro: Special relativity inoramba kuvapo kwenzvimbo nenguva. Zvese zviri zviviri zvine hukama uye zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro emunhu ekufamba.
20. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi "inertial frame of reference"?
Mhinduro: Chimiro chekutarisa chisina simba (inertial frame of reference) chinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinoramba zvakamira kana kufamba nekufamba kwakasimba kunze kwekunge zvaitwa nesimba rekunze. Chimiro chekutarisa chinotsigirwa nemutemo wekutanga waNewton wekufamba.
Dzidziso inokosha ye relativity, yakaunzwa naAlbert Einstein, yakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu nzvimbo, nguva, simba, uye zvinhu. Zvazvinoreva zvinosvika munzvimbo dzakawanda dzefizikisi yemazuva ano uye zvakaongororwa nekuyedza.
