Manetiweki eGurumuda
Hunyoro hunoratidza huwandu hwemvura iri mumhepo. Kana mvura ichinaya, mhepo inenge yakanyorova zvikuru nekuti kune mvura yakawanda iri mumhepo. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mvura iri mumhepo iri shoma, mhepo inenge yakaoma. Huwandu hwemvura iri mumhepo hunoratidzwa nehunyoro.
Hunyoro hunoenderana nehuwandu hwekumanikidzwa kwehunyoro nehunyoro kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwehunyoro hwakazara hwemvura patembiricha yakati (hunyoro ihunyoro hwemvura). Hunyoro hunoratidzwa muchikamu, hwakarongwa nemasvomhu:
Kana tikanyatsotarisa, utsi hunobva mukutsva hunogona kuonekwa pakutanga. Mushure mechinguva, utsi haugone kuonekwa. Wakamboshandisa perfume here? Kunyangwe uchipfapfaidza perfume mukamuri, vamwe vanhu vari kunze kwemba vanogonawo kunzwa kunhuhwirira kweperfume. Kana amai vakabika chikafu chinonaka uye chinonaka mukicheni, kunhuhwirira kwekubika kunogonawo kunzwikwa kubva kumba kwemuvakidzani. Sei zvakadaro?
Kune mimwe mienzaniso yakawanda. Kana ukaisa madonhwe mashoma einki mugirazi rine mvura yakachena, inki, kana kuti ruvara rwechikafu ruchapararira zvakaenzana mumvura yese. Izvi zvinoitika zvoga. Mimwe mienzaniso yapfuura zviitiko zvekupararira zvinowanzoonekwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kupararira inzira yekufambisa zvinhu kubva pakuwanda zvakanyanya kuenda pakuwanda kwakaderera. Zvinorehwa nekuwanda kwechinhu huwandu hwemamorekuru/mamoles echinhu pahuwandu. Nzvimbo yekuwanda kwakanyanya inzvimbo ine mamorekuru akawanda ezvinhu pahuwandu. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanda kwakaderera inzvimbo dzine mamorekuru mashoma pahuwandu.
Simba riri mugasi rakanaka re monatomic
Simba riri mugasi remonoatomic ideal ndiro huwandu hwese hwesimba remonoatomic ideal gas molecules. Huwandu hwese hwesimba remonoatomic ideal gas molecules = chigadzirwa cheavhareji yesimba remonoatomic kinetic remorekuru yega yega uye huwandu hwemamorekuru (N). Masvomhu:
Dzidziso yesimba remagetsi yakawanikwa neClerk Maxwell achishandisa manhamba ekuongorora. Inonzi dzidziso nekuti hapana humbowo hunowanikwa kuburikidza nekuyedza. Kupatsanura simba kunoreva kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwesimba.
KE = avhareji yesimba remagetsi remamorekuru egasi (Joule)
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 x 10 -23 J/K
T = tembiricha yakakwana yemorekuru yegesi yakakodzera (Kelvin)
Pamusoro pekumanikidzwa, imwe yehuwandu hunoratidza hunhu hwemacroscopic hwegasi itembiricha (T). Equation yekumanikidzwa kwegasi:
Dzidziso yekinetic inoti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine maatomu kana mamorekuru uye kuti maatomu kana mamorekuru anofamba nguva dzose asina hanya. Kufungidzira uku kwedzidziso yekinetic kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu eatomu kana mamorekuru echinhu chinoumba gasi. Simba rekukwezvana pakati pemaatomu kana mamorekuru anoumba gasi harina simba zvekuti maatomu kana mamorekuru anogona kufamba zvakasununguka.
Nyaya Mutemo waBoyle, Mutemo waCharles, Mutemo waGay-Lussac
Mutemo waBoyle
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) akaita bvunzo dzekuongorora hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa kwegasi nehuwandu. Kuedza uku kunoitwa nekuisa huwandu hwakati hwegasi mumudziyo wakavharwa. Kusvika pakuita zvakanaka, akawana kuti kana tembiricha yegasi yakaramba yakafanana, ipapo kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakawedzera, huwandu hwegasi hwaidzikira. Saizvozvowo, kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwaderera, huwandu hwegasi hunowedzera. Kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakaenzana nehuwandu hwegasi. Hukama uhwu hunozivikanwa seMutemo waBoyle. Pamasvomhu:
Mitemo yegesi yaBoyle, Charles law naGay-Lussac haishande kune ese mamiriro egasi, saka ongororo yedu inova yakaoma. Saka, takaratidza muenzaniso wegasi wakakodzera. Gasi rakakodzera haripo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva; gasi rakakodzera ndiro fomu rakakwana rekubatsira ongororo. Kuvapo kwepfungwa iyi yegasi rakakodzera kunotibatsirawo mukuongorora hukama huripo pakati pemitemo mitatu yegasi.
Hukama huripo pakati pekupisa, vhoriyamu, uye kumanikidzwa kwegesi
Nekutarisa mitemo mitatu yegesi iri pamusoro apa, tinogona kuwana hukama hwakazara pakati pekupisa, vhoriyamu, uye kumanikidzwa kwegesi.
Chirevo chaicho chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics hachigone kutsanangurwa kune ese maitiro asingadzoreki, saka tinoda chirevo chakazara. Chirevo ichi chinotarisirwa kutsanangura maitiro ese asingadzoreki anoitika muchadenga. Chirevo chakazara chemutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics chakagadzirwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19, kuburikidza nehuwandu hunonzi entropy (S). Entropy yakatanga kuunzwa naClausius uye yakagadzirwa kubva kuCarnot cycle (injini yakakwana yemacalorie). Sekureva kwaClausius, shanduko dzeentropy dzinoitika nesystem, apo system inowana kupisa kwakawedzerwa (Q) patembiricha yakajairika, iyo inomiririrwa ne equation:
Chinyorwa pamusoro peCoefficient yekushanda kwemuchina wekutonhodza
Muchina wekutonhodza muchina unotora kupisa kubva panzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera, wozoendesa kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakakwirira. Kuti izvi zviitike, muchina unofanirwa kuita basa nekuti kupisa kunoyerera kubva patembiricha yakakwirira kuenda patembiricha yakaderera. Izvi zvinobva mumashoko aClausius:
Hazvigoneki kuti muchina wekutonhodza ubvise kupisa kubva panzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera kuenda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yepamusoro, pasina kushanda (Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics—Clausius statement).
Muchina uyu unoshanda (W) kutamisa kupisa, kubva pakupisa kwakaderera (Q L ) kuenda pakupisa kwakakwirira (Q H ) . Zvichibva pakuchengetedza simba, Q L + W = Q H.