Nhoroondo yeKuvandudzwa kweAtomic Theory
Kutsvaga kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu kwave kuri chinhu chikuru mukuferefeta kwesainzi kwezviuru zvemakore. Kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yemaatomu kunomiririra rwendo kuburikidza nenhoroondo yekufunga kwevanhu, kuwanikwa kwesainzi, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Chinyorwa chino chinoratidza zviitiko zvikuru zvedzidziso yemaatomu, kubva pakufunga kwekare kweuzivi kusvika kuhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwequantum.
1. Kutanga Kwekare Kweuzivi
Pfungwa yeatomu inotangira kuGreece yekare, kunenge mugore ra400 BCE. Muzivi Democritus, pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wake Leucippus, ndivo vakatanga kutaura kuti zvinhu zvinoumbwa nezvidimbu zvisingaparadzanise zvinonzi maatomu (kubva pashoko rechiGiriki rekuti "atomos," zvichireva kuti hazvicheki). Democritus akafungidzira kuti maatomu aisingaperi, haaparadzike, uye aisiyana chete muchimiro nehukuru. Pasinei nehunyanzvi hwayo, dzidziso iyi yekutanga yeatomu yakanga isina humbowo hwekuongorora uye yaive yepfungwa huru.
Kusiyana neizvi, Aristotle, mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vepanguva iyoyo, akaramba pfungwa yemaatomu. Aitenda kuti zvinhu zvose zvaiumbwa nezvinhu zvina: ivhu, mvura, mvura, nemoto, uye aidavira kuti zvinhu izvi zvaibatanidzwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana kuti zviumbe zvinhu zvose. Maonero aAristotle akatonga kufunga kwesainzi kweanenge makore zviuru zviviri, zvichimisa kufambira mberi kwedzidziso yemaatomu.
2. Nguva yeRenaissance neNguva Yekutanga Yemazuva Ano
Kusamira zvakanaka kwedzidziso yemaatomu kwakaramba kuripo mukati meMiddle Ages. Zvisinei, nguva yeRenaissance (zana remakore rechi14 kusvika rechi17) yakaunza kufarira kwakawedzerwa mune zvesainzi yekuongorora uye kudzidza nezvezvisikwa. Muna 1620, nzira yaSir Francis Bacon yekuferefeta kwesainzi yakaisa hwaro hwekuedza mune ramangwana, kunyangwe iye pachake asina kutarisa pane dzidziso yemaatomu.
Mumakore ekuma1660, Robert Boyle akaita ongororo dzakaramba dzidziso yaAristotle yezvinhu zvina uye dzakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nezvikamu zvidiki (tinhu tudiki). Basa raBoyle rakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvinhu zviri nyore, zvichigadzira nzira yemakemikari emazuva ano.
3. Zana remakore rechi18: Kujekeswa uye Kemistri Yekutanga
Muzana remakore rechi18 makaona kufambira mberi kukuru mukudzidza magasi nemitemo inodzora mafambiro emakemikari. Antoine Lavoisier, anowanzonzi "baba vekemikari yemazuva ano," akatanga kuchengetedzwa kwehuwandu mumaitiro emakemikari. Nheyo iyi yaireva kuti zvinhu zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvekuvaka zvisingagadzirwe kana kuparadzwa asi zvinogadziriswazve panguva yemaitiro emakemikari.
Vachivakira pabasa raLavoisier, mumwe munhu akakosha, John Dalton, akabuda pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Dalton akagadzira dzidziso yekutanga yeatomu yemazuva ano muna 1803. Akakurudzira kuti zvinhu zvinoumbwa nezvidimbu zvidiki zvisingaparadzanise zvinonzi maatomu, chimwe nechimwe chine huremu hwacho. Dzidziso yaDalton yakatsanangura kuti nei zvinhu zvakasanganiswa muzvikamu zvakagadzika uye yakapa nzira yekuenzanisa zvinhu, zvichisimbisa hwaro hwekufambira mberi mune ramangwana mukemistri nedzidziso yeatomu.
4. Kupera kwezana remakore rechi19: Kuwanikwa kweSubatomic Particles
Chikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi19 chakaratidza kutanga kwezviwanikwa zvakapikisa pfungwa yemaatomu asingaparadzanise. Muna 1897, JJ Thomson akawana erekitironi kuburikidza nebasa rake nemwaranzi ye cathode. Thomson akataura kuti maatomu haasi asingaoneki asi panzvimbo pezvo akaumbwa nezvidimbu zvidiki, zvine mhosva zvisina mhosva zvakaputirwa mu matrix ine mhosva yakanaka. Iyi modhi ye "plum pudding" yakaratidza kuti maerekitironi akapararira mu "soup" ine mhosva yakanaka.
Pasinei nenzira itsva iyi, muenzaniso waThomson wakasangana nematambudziko. Muna 1909, Ernest Rutherford, aimbove mudzidzi waThomson, akaita bvunzo yegoridhe yakakurumbira. Akaona kuti zvidimbu zvealpha zvinogona kupfuura nepakati pemufananidzo asi zvimwe zvaitsauswa nemakona makuru. Rutherford akagumisa kuti maatomu anofanira kunge aine nucleus yakakora, ine chaji yakanaka yakakomberedzwa nenzvimbo isina chinhu. Muenzaniso uyu wenyukireya weatomu wakachinja zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwemaumbirwo eatomu.
5. Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20: Quantum Mechanics
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwaive nguva yechimurenga yedzidziso yeatomu, ichitungamirwa ne quantum mechanics. Muna 1913, Niels Bohr akabatanidza muenzaniso wenyukireya waRutherford nenheyo dze quantum kuti aratidze kuti maerekitironi anogara munzvimbo dzakati dzakapoteredza nucleus, ane simba rakagadzika. Muenzaniso uyu wakatsanangura ma spectra ekubudisa maatomu uye wakaratidza kutanga kwedzidziso yeatomu ye quantum.
Kufambira mberi kwakawedzerwa kwakabva kuna Erwin Schrödinger naWerner Heisenberg muma1920. Schrödinger akagadzira mawave mechanics, achitsanangura maerekitironi semabasa emafungu kwete sezvikamu zviri muma orbits akagadzika. Heisenberg akatanga musimboti wekusava nechokwadi, uyo waiti nzvimbo uye simba reerekitironi hazvigone kuyerwa panguva imwe chete nemazvo. Pfungwa idzi dzakaumba hwaro hwequantum mechanics, zvichichinja zvakanyanya kunzwisisa maitiro eatomu uye chimiro.
6. Pakati pezana remakore rechi20: Kuwanikwa kweNeutron uye Kufambira Mberi muFizikisi yeNyukireya
Kuwanikwa kweneutron naJames Chadwick muna 1932 kwakawedzera rumwe rutivi mudzidziso yemaatomu. MaNeutron, pamwe chete nemaproton, anoumba nucleus yemaatomu, akakomberedzwa negore remaerekitironi. Kunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu kwakawedzera, zvichiita kuti fizikisi yenyukireya ibudirire uye kudzidza nezvekuita kwenyukireya kubudirire.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakavawo nekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvekutanga zvenyukireya uye maatomu enyukireya. Basa remasayendisiti akaita saEnrico Fermi naRobert Oppenheimer panguva yeManhattan Project rakaratidza simba guru riri mukati menucleus yeatomu, richiratidza kugona uye njodzi yesimba reatomu.
7. Kufambira Mberi Kwemazuva Ano uye Dzidziso yeQuantum Field
Dzidziso yeAtomu inoramba ichichinja nekufambira mberi mudzidziso yequantum field uye particle physics. Masayendisiti akawana zvidimbu zvakawanda zvesubatomic, zvakaita sequarks negluons, zvinoumba maproton nema neutron. Standard Model yeparticle physics inotsanangura zvidimbu izvi zvakakosha uye kudyidzana kwazvo, ichipa hurongwa hwakakwana hwekunzwisisa zvinhu pazviyero zvidiki.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, matekiniki ekuyedza akadai sema "particle accelerators" uye "higher spectroscopy" akajekesa zvakanyanya chimiro uye maitiro emaatomu. Kuwanikwa kweHiggs boson muna 2012, "particle" ine basa rekupa mamwe maatomu huremu, kwakasimbisa zvinhu zvakakosha zveStandard Model uye kwakavhura nzira itsva dzekutsvaga.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yedzidziso yemaatomu inoratidza kuda kuziva kwevanhu uye kutsvaga ruzivo nguva dzose. Kubva pauzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki kusvika kuhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwe quantum mechanics, kufambira mberi kwega kwega kwakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwezvizvarwa zvakapfuura. Nhasi, dzidziso yemaatomu ichiri munda unoshanduka, unogara uchiumbwa nezvakawanikwa zvitsva uye matekinoroji, sezvo masayendisiti achiedza kuzarura zvakavanzika zvakadzama zvemuchadenga. Rwendo urwu rwunoenderera mberi runosimbisa hunhu hwakadzama uye hunogara huchichinja hwekunzwisisa kwedu zvinhu nemisimboti mikuru inozvitonga.
