Kupisa uye kuchinja kwechikamu - matambudziko nemhinduro

Kupisa uye kuchinja kwechikamu - matambudziko nemhinduro

1. Zvichibva pagirafu, chii chinotorwa nekupisa nemvura ye5-kg panguva yeCD? Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo = 4,200 J/kg ^o C.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huremu (m) = 5 kg

Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c) = 4200 J/kg ^o C

Tembiricha yekutanga (T ₁ ) = 0 ^o C

Kupisa kwekupedzisira (T2 ₎ = 10 ^o C

Kuchinja kwetembiricha (ΔT) = 10 ^o C – 0 ^o C = 10 ^o C

Kudiwa: Kupisa (Q)

Solution:

Q = mc ΔT = (5 kg)(4200 J/kg ^o C)(10 ^o C) = (5)(4200 J)(10) = (50)(4200 J) = 210,000 Joules

2. Chii chinonzi kupisa kunotorwa nemagiramu makumi maviri echando panguva yeAC, kana kupisa kwechando kuri 2100 J/kg ^o C uye kupisa kwekubatana kwechando kuri 336,000 J/kg.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huremu hwechando (m) = 200 magiramu = 200/1000 makirogiramu = 0.2 makirogiramu

Kupisa kwakananga (c) = 2100 J/kg ^o C

Kupisa kwekubatana kwechando (L _F ) = 336,000 J/kg

Zvinodiwa: Kupisa kunonyudzwa nechando panguva yeAC

Solution:

Munguva yekuita AB, kupisa kunotorwa nechando kuti kuchinje tembiricha yaro kubva -10 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C.

Q = mc ΔT

Q = kupisa, m = huremu hwechando, c = kupisa kwechando chakananga, ΔT = shanduko yekupisa

Mubvunzo ₁ = mc ΔT = (0.2)(2100)(0-(-10) = (0.2)(2100)(10) = (2)(2100) = 4200 Joules

Munguva yeBC process, kupisa kunonyungudutswa kuti chando chose chinyunguduke kuita mvura. Mukuita uku kunochinja chete muchikamu uye hapana shanduko mukupisa. Aizi nemvura zvinoramba zviri 0 ^o C.

Kupisa kunonyudzwa panguva yekushanda kweBC:

Mubvunzo ₂ = m L _F = (0.2 kg)(336,000 J/kg) = 67,200 Joules

Kupisa kunonyudzwa panguva yeAC process:

Mubvunzo = Mubvunzo ₁ + Mubvunzo ₂ = Majoules 4200 + Majoules 67,200 = Majoules 71,400

3. Mvura ye2-kg inodziiswa, uye kupisa kwekupwanya kwemvura = 2.27 x 10 ⁶ J/kg, kupisa kwakananga kwemvura = 4,200 J/kg ^o C uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo iri 1 atm, kupisa kupi kunotorwa nemvura panguva yeBC?

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huremu (m) = 2 kg

Kupisa kwekupfuta kwemvura (L _V ) = 2.27 x 10 ⁶ J/kg

Kupisa kwakanangana nemvura (c) = 4,200 J/kg ^o C

Zvinodiwa: Kupisa kunonyudzwa panguva yekushanda kweBC.

Solution:

Mukuita kwe AB, kupisa kunonyudzwa kuti kuwedzere tembiricha yemvura kubva pa 60 ^o C kusvika 100 ^o C.

Q = m L _V = (2 kg)(2.27 x 10 ⁶ J/kg) = 4.54 x 10 ⁶ Majoules = 4540 x 10 ³ Majoules = 4540 kilos Majoules

4. Zvichibva pamufananidzo uri pazasi, kana huremu hwechando huri 500 gramu, kupisa kwakanangana i2100 J/kg ^oC uye kupisa kwakavanzika kwekusanganiswa kwechando i336,000 J/kg. Sarudza kupisa kunodiwa mukuita P–Q–R.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huremu hwechando (m) = 500 magiramu = 500/1000 kg = 0.5 kg

Kupisa kwakananga kwechando (c) = 2100 J/kg ^o C

Kupisa kwekubatana kwemukati (L _F ) = 336,000 J/kg

Zvinodiwa: Kupisa

Solution:

Maitiro PQ = kupisa kunonyudzwa kuti kukwidze tembiricha yechando kubva -4 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C

Maitiro QR = kupisa kunonyungudutswa nechando kuti chando chose chinyunguduke mumvura

Kupisa kunonyudzwa panguva yekushanda kwePQ kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa equation:

Q = mc ΔT

Q = kupisa, m = huremu, c = kupisa kwechando, ΔT = kuchinja kwekupisa

Aizi inonyudzwa nekupisa panguva yekushanda kwePQ yakaverengerwa uchishandisa equation iyi:

Q = (0.5 kg)(2100 J/kg ^o C)(0 ^o C-(-4 ^o C))

Q = (0.5 kg)(2100 J/kg ^o C)(0 ^o C + 4 ^o C)

Q = (0.5 kg)(2100 J/kg ^o C)(4 ^o C)

Q = (0.5)(2100 J)(4)

Q = 4200 Joule

Kupisa kunonyudzwa panguva yekuitwa kweQR kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa equation iyi:

Q = m L _F

Q = (0.5 kg)(336,000 J/kg)

Q = (0.5)(336,000 J)

Q = 168,000 Joule

Kupisa kwese:

Q = 4200 Joules + 168,000 Joules

Q = 172,200 Joule

Q = 172.2 kilogiramu Joule

Q = 172.2 kJ

5. Aizi ine huremu hwemagiramu makumi mashanu inopiswa kubva pa -5 ^o C mumvura pa 60 ^o C. Kana kupisa kwechando kuri 80 cal/gram, kupisa kwakananga kwechando i 0.5 cal/gram ^o C, kupisa kwakananga kwemvura i 1 cal/gram ^o C, sarudza kupisa kunodiwa muCD.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huwandu hwechando = huremu hwemvura (m) = 50 magiramu

Kupisa kwakavharika kwekubatana kwechando (LF ₎ = 80 macalorie/giramu

Kupisa kwakananga kwechando (c ice) = 0.5 cal/gram ^o C

Kupisa kwakanangana nemvura (c mvura) = 1 cal/gram ^o C

Zvinodiwa: Kupisa kunodiwa muCD

Solution:

Mukuita A kusvika B, kupisa kunoshandiswa kukwidza tembiricha yechando kubva -5 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C. Kupisa kunoverengerwa uchishandisa equation iyi: Q = mc ΔT, apo Q = kupisa, m = huremu hwechando, c = kupisa kwakanangana nechando, ΔT = shanduko yetembiricha kubva -5 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C.

Mukuita B kusvika C, kupisa kunoshandiswa kunyungudutsa chando chose kuita mvura. Mukuita uku, tembiricha haichinjwe. Kupisa kunoverengwa uchishandisa equation iyi: Q = m L _F , apo Q = kupisa, m = huremu hwechando, L _F = kupisa kwakavanzika kwekubatanidzwa kwechando.

Mukuita C kusvika D, kupisa kunoshandiswa kukwidza tembiricha yemvura kubva pa0 ^o C kusvika 60 ^o C. Kupisa kunoverengwa uchishandisa equation iyi: Q = mc ΔT, apo Q = kupisa, m = huremu hwemvura, c = kupisa kwemvura chaiyo, ΔT = shanduko yetembiricha kubva pa0 ^o C kusvika 60 ^o C.

Kupisa kunodiwa kubva pakuita C kusvika D:

Q = mc ΔT = (50 gram)(1 cal/gram ^C )(60 ^o C-0 ^o C) = (50)(1)(60) cal = 3000 cal

6. Kana huremu hwechando huri 1 kg, kupisa kwechando kuri 2100 J/kg ^o C, kupisa kwakavanzika kwekubatanidza chando kuri 336,000 J/kg uye kupisa kwemvura kuri 4200 J/kg ^o C, wobva waona kupisa kunodiwa mukuita PQR.

Zvinozivikanwa:

Huwandu hwechando = 1 kg

Kupisa kwakavharika kwekusanganiswa kwechando (L _F ) = 336,000 J/kg

Kupisa kwechando (c ice) = 2,100 J/kg ^o C

Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c mvura) = 4,200 J/kg ^o C

Zvinodiwa: Kupisa kunodiwa mukuita PQR

Solution:

Mukuita P kusvika Q, kupisa kunoshandiswa kukwidza tembiricha yechando kubva -5 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C. Kupisa kunoverengwa uchishandisa equation iyi: Q = mc ΔT, apo Q = kupisa , m = huremu hwechando , c = kupisa kwechando chakananga, ΔT = shanduko yetembiricha kubva -5 ^o C kusvika 0 ^o C.

Kupisa kunodiwa mukuita P kusvika Q:

Q = mc ΔT = (1)(2100)(0-(-5)) = (2100)(5) = 10500 Joules

Mukuita Q kusvika R, kupisa kunodiwa kuti chando chose chinyunguduke kuita mvura. Mukuita uku, tembiricha haichinji. Kupisa kunoverengwa uchishandisa equation iyi: Q = m L _F , apo Q = kupisa , m = huremu hwechando , L _F = kupisa kwakavanzika kwekubatanidzwa kwechando.

Kupisa kunodiwa mukuita Q kusvika R:

Q = m L _F = (1)(336,000) = 336,000 Joules

Kupisa kwese:

10,500 + 336,000 = 346,500 Joules

1. Chii chinonzi kupisa kwakahwanda?
   • mhinduro: Kupisa kwakavanzika isimba rekupisa rinodiwa kuti richinje chikamu chechinhu pasina kuchinja tembiricha yacho. Rinomiririra simba rinodiwa kuti riputse kana kuumba mabhondi epakati pemasero panguva yekuchinja kwechikamu.
2. Sei tembiricha ichiramba yakadaro panguva yekuchinja kwechikamu?
   • mhinduro: Munguva yekuchinja kwechikamu, simba rese rekupisa rinopihwa kana kubviswa rinoshandiswa kushandura chikamu chechinhu. Simba iri rinoshandiswa kutyora kana kuumba ma "intermolecular bonds", kwete kuwedzera simba re "kinetic energy" kana tembiricha yechinhu.
3. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekupisa kwakavanzika kwefusion nekupisa kwakavanzika kwevaporization?
   • mhinduro: Kupisa kwakavanzika kwekusanganiswa kunoreva simba rekupisa rinodiwa kuti chinhu chishandurwe kubva pachinhu chakaoma kuenda kuchinwiwa (kana kuti zvinopesana) panguva yachinonyunguduka. Kupisa kwakavanzika kwekuvapo kwemhepo kunoreva simba rekupisa rinodiwa kuti chinhu chishandurwe kubva pachinwiwa kuenda kuchinwiwa (kana zvinopesana) panguva yachinofashaira.
4. Sei tichinzwa kutonhora patinobuda mudziva rekushambira pazuva rine mhepo, kunyangwe tembiricha yemhepo ichidziya?
   • mhinduro: Mvura painobuda kubva paganda redu, inochinja kubva pakuva mvura kuenda kukuva utsi. Izvi zvinoda simba, rinotorwa kubva paganda redu muchimiro chekupisa, zvichiita kuti ganda redu rinzwe richitonhorera.
5. Sei utsi hwemvura pa100°C huine njodzi kupfuura mvura inopisa pa100°C?
   • mhinduro: Mhute ine simba rakawanda kupfuura mvura iri kufashaira nekuti inotora kupisa kwakavanzika kwekupfuta panguva yekuchinja kwechikamu kubva mumvura kuenda kumhepo. Kana mhute yakabatana paganda, inoburitsa simba iri rakawedzerwa, zvichikonzera kutsva kwakanyanya kupfuura mvura iri kufashaira.
6. Kuisa munyu muchando kunoderedza sei kunyunguduka kwacho?
   • mhinduro: Kuwedzera munyu kunokanganisa kuenzana pakati pekunyunguduka nekuomesa kwemusanganiswa wechando nemvura. Izvi zvinoita kuti chando chakawanda chinyunguduke patembiricha yakaderera kupfuura yenguva dzose, zvichideredza nzvimbo yekuomesa yemusanganiswa.
7. Sei kudikitira kuchibatsira kutonhodza muviri pazuva rinopisa?
   • mhinduro: Ziya, kana rabuda kubva paganda, rinochinja kubva pamvura kuenda kugasi. Maitiro aya ekubuda kwemvura anoda simba, rinotorwa kubva paganda, nokudaro richitonhodza.
8. Chii chinonzi sublimation kana tichitarisa shanduko dzechikamu?
   • mhinduro: Sublimation kuchinja kwechikamu chakananga kubva pane chakasimba kuenda kune gasi pasina kupfuura nepakati pechikamu chemvura. Muenzaniso wakajairika ichando chakaoma (solid carbon dioxide) chinoshanduka zvakananga kuita gasi re carbon dioxide.
9. Sei simba rekupisa richidiwa kuti chando chinyunguduke kunyangwe tembiricha yacho ichiramba iri pa0°C?
   • mhinduro: Simba rekupisa rinoshandiswa kupwanya mabhondi epakati pemamorekuru anochengeta chando muchimiro chayo chakasimba. Kana mabhondi aya angotyoka, chando chinoshanduka kuita chikamu chemvura, kunyangwe pasina shanduko mukupisa.
10. Kumanikidzwa kunokanganisa sei pombi yekufashaira yemvura?

• mhinduro: Kazhinji, kuwedzera kumanikidzwa kwekunze kunowedzera kufashaira kwemvura, ukuwo kuderedza kumanikidzwa kunoderedza kufashaira kwemvura. Ndokusaka mvura ichifashaira patembiricha iri pasi pe100°C pakukwirira, uko kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwakaderera.