Nheyo dzevatema - matambudziko nemhinduro
1. Mvura ine magiramu mazana maviri pa30°C yakasanganiswa nemvura ine magiramu zana pa90°C. Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo = 1 cal.gram −1 °C −1 . Sarudza tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa!
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwemvura 2 (m1 ) = 200 magiramu
Kupisa kwemvura 1 (T 1 ) = 30 o C
Huremu hwemvura 2 (m2 ) = 100 magiramu
Kupisa kwemvura 2 (T 2 ) = 90 o C
Kupisa kwemvura (c) = 1 cal.gram −1 °C −1
Kudiwa: Tembiricha yekupedzisira
Solution:
Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inotonhorera (Q 2 ) = kupisa kunotorwa nemvura inotonhorera (Q 1 )
m 2 c (ΔT) = m 1 c (ΔT)
(100)(1)(90 – T) = (200)(1)(T – 30)
(100)(90 – T) = (200)(T – 30)
9000 – 100T = 200T – 6000
9000 + 6000 = 200T + 100T
15000 = 300T
T = 15000/300
T = 50 o C
2. 60-gram pa90 o C yakasanganiswa nemvura ye40-gram pa25 o C. Tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa ndeyei? Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo = 1 cal.g -1 .o C -1.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwemvura 1 (m1 ) = 60 magiramu
Kupisa kwemvura 1 (T 1 ) = 90 o C
Huremu hwemvura 2 (m2 ) = 40 magiramu
Kupisa kwemvura 2 (T 2 ) = 25 o C
Kupisa kwemvura (c) = 1 cal.g -1 .o C -1
Kudiwa: Tembiricha yekupedzisira
Solution:
Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inotonhorera (Q 2 ) = kupisa kunotorwa nemvura inotonhorera (Q 1 )
m 1 c (ΔT) = m 2 c (ΔT)
(60)(1)(90 – T) = (40)(1)(T – 25)
(60)(90 – T) = (40)(T – 25)
5400 – 60T = 40T – 1000
5400 + 1000 = 40T + 60T
6400 = 100T
T = 6400/100
T = 64 o C
3. M-gram ice pa 0 o C yakaiswa mumvura ye 340-gram pa 20 o C mumudziyo chaiwo. Kupisa kwekubatana kwemvura (L ice ) = 80 cal g -1 , kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c mvura ) = 1 cal g -1 o C -1 . Aizi yese inonyunguduka uye kuenzana kwekupisa = 5 o C. Tsvaga huremu hwechando.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwemvura (m) = magiramu makumi matanhatu
Kupisa kwechando (T ice ) = 0 o C
Tembiricha yemvura (T mvura ) = 20 o C
Kupisa kwekuenzana kwekupisa (T) = 5 o C
Kupisa kwakavharika kwekubatana kwechando (L ice ) = 80 cal g -1
Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c mvura ) = 1 cal g -1 o C -1
Zvinodiwa: Huwandu hwechando (M)
Solution:
Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura (Q2 ) = kupisa kunonyudzwa nechando ( Q1 )
m mvura c mvura (ΔT) = m chando L chando + m chando c mvura (ΔT)
(340)(1)(20-5) = M (80) + M (1)(5-0)
(340)(15) = 80M + 5M
5100 = 85M
M = 5100/85
M = magiramu makumi matanhatu
4. Mhangura pa100 o C yakaiswa mu128-gram yemvura pa30 o C. Kupisa kwemvura i1 cal.g -1o C -1 uye kupisa kwemhangura i0.1 cal.g -1o C -1 . Kana tembiricha yekupisa kwemuviri = 36 o C, huremu hwemhangura chii.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Kupisa kwemhangura (T 1 ) = 100 o C
Kupisa kwakananga kwemhangura (c 1 ) = 0.1 cal.g -1o C -1
Huremu hwemvura (m2 ) = 128 magiramu
Kupisa kwemvura (T 2 ) = 30 o C
Kupisa kwemvura (c 2 ) = 1 cal.g -1o C -1
Kupisa kwechiyero chekupisa (T) = 36 o C
Zvinodiwa: Huremu hwemhangura ( m1 )
Solution:
Q mhangura = Q mvura
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(m 1 )(0.1)(100-36) = (128)(1)(36-30)
(m 1 )(0.1)(64) = (128)(1)(6)
(m 1 )(6.4) = 768
m 1 = 768 / 6.4
m 1 = 120 magiramu
5. Mutobvu we3-kg une kupisa kwakanangana nemutobvu i1400 J.kg -1 C -1 pa80 o C wakaiswa mumvura ye10-kg uye kupisa kwakanangana nemutobvu i4200 J.kg -1 C -1 . Tembiricha yekupisa kwemvura i20 o C. Ndeipi tembiricha yekutanga yemvura.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwemutobvu (m1 ) = 3 kg
Kupisa kwakanangana ne lead (c 1 ) = 1400 J.kg -1 C -1
Kupisa kwemutobvu (T 1 ) = 80 o C
Huremu hwemvura (m2 ) = 10 kg
Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c 2 ) = 4200 J.kg -1 C -1
Kupisa kwechiyero chekupisa (T) = 20 o C
Zvinodiwa: Tembiricha yekutanga yemvura ( T2 )
Solution:
Kuburitswa kweQ = Kunyudzwa kweQ
Q lead = Q mvura
m 1 c 1 ΔT = m 2 c 2 ΔT
(3)(1400)(80-20) = (10)(4200)(20-T)
(4200)(60) = (42,000)(20-T)
252,000 = 840,000 – 42,000 T
42,000 T = 840,000 – 252,000
42,000 T = 588,000
T = 588,000 / 42,000
T = 14
Tembiricha yekutanga yemvura ndeye 14 o C.
6. Mvura ine magiramu makumi manomwe nemashanu pa 0 o C yakasanganiswa nemvura ine magiramu makumi mashanu saka tembiricha yemusanganiswa i40 o C. Tembiricha yekutanga yemvura ine magiramu makumi mashanu chii?
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwemvura 1 (m1 ) = 75 magiramu
Tembiricha yekutanga yemvura 1 (T 1 ) = 0 o C
Huremu hwemvura 2 (m2 ) = 50 magiramu
Kupisa kwemusanganiswa (T) = 40 o C
Zvinodiwa: Tembiricha yekutanga yemvura 2 (T 2 )
Solution:
Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inotonhorera (Q release ) = kupisa kunonyudzwa nemvura inotonhorera (Q absorption )
m 1 c (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 c (ΔT 2 )
m 1 (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 (ΔT 2 )
(75)(40 – 0) = (50)(T 2 – 40)
(75)(40) = (50)(T 2 - 40)
3000 = 50 T 2 - 2000
3000 + 2000 = 50 T 2
5000 = 50 T 2
T 2 = 100 o C
7. Simbi ye200-gram inopiswa kusvika 120 o C, yobva yaiswa mumvura ye100-gram pa30 o C. Tembiricha yemusanganiswa pakupisa kwemuviri i60 o C. Kana kupisa kwemvura kuri 4200 J.kg -1 o C -1 , kupisa kwesimbi chii.
Solution:
Shandura mayuniti ehuremu kubva pamagiramu kuenda kumakirogiramu (mayuniti epasi rose)
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwesimbi (m 1 ) = 200 magiramu = 0.2 kg
Kupisa kwesimbi (T 1 ) = 120 o C
Huremu hwemvura (m2 ) = 100 magiramu = 0.1 kg
Kupisa kwemvura (T 2 ) = 30 o C
Kupisa kwemusanganiswa (T) = 60 o C
Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c 2 ) = 4200 J.kg -1 o C -1
Zvinodiwa: Kupisa kwesimbi chaiyo (c 1 )
Solution:
Kuburitswa kweQ = Kunyudzwa kweQ
m 1 c 1 (ΔT 1 ) = m 2 c 2 (ΔT 2 )
(0.2)(c 1 )(120 – 60) = (0.1)(4200)(60 – 30)
(0.2)(c 1 )(60) = (0.1)(4200)(30)
12 c 1 = 12600
c 1 = 12600 / 12
c 1 = 1050
1. Mubvunzo: Joseph Black aive ani? Mhinduro: Joseph Black aive chiremba wekuScotland wezana remakore rechi18 uye wemakemikari, anozivikanwa nekuwana kwake kupisa kwakavanzika, kupisa kwakananga, uye carbon dioxide.
2. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi kupisa kwakavanzika? Mhinduro: Kupisa kwakavanzika huwandu hwesimba rinotorwa kana kuburitswa nechinhu panguva yekuchinja kwechikamu, sekunyunguduka kana kufashaira, pasina kuchinja tembiricha yacho.
3. Mubvunzo: Kupisa kwakavanzika kwakasiyana sei nekupisa kwakananga? Mhinduro: Kunyange zvazvo kupisa kwakananga kuchikonzera shanduko mukupisa kwechinhu chisina shanduko yechikamu, kupisa kwakavanzika kunokonzera shanduko yechikamu pasina shanduko mukupisa.
4. Mubvunzo: Kuedza kwaBlack pakupisa kwakavigwa kwakakoshei pakudzidza kwethermodynamics? Mhinduro: Basa raBlack rakaisa kunzwisisa kukuru kwesimba rekupisa nekuchengetedzwa kwaro, zvichigadzira nzira yekufambira mberi mune thermodynamics uye calorimetry.
5. Mubvunzo: Sei chando pa0°C uye mvura pa0°C ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwesimba rekupisa? Mhinduro: Aizi pa0°C inoda kunwisa kupisa kwakavanzika kwekubatana kuti ive mvura pa0°C. Saka, mvura pa0°C ine simba rekupisa rakawanda kupfuura chando pakupisa kumwe chete nekuda kwekupisa uku kwakavanzika.
6. Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi kupisa kwakananga? Mhinduro: Kupisa kwakanangana nehuwandu hwesimba rekupisa rinodiwa kuti kukwidze tembiricha yeyuniti yechinhu nedhigirii rimwe chete reCelsius kana Kelvin.
7. Mubvunzo: Basa raBlack pakupisa kwakanangana rakaita sei kuti tinzwisise kugona kwakasiyana kwekupisa kwezvinhu? Mhinduro: Black akawana kuti huwandu hwakaenzana hwezvinhu zvakasiyana hwaida huwandu hwakasiyana hwekupisa kuti pave nekuchinja kwakafanana kwekupisa. Kucherechedza uku kwakaunza pfungwa yesimba rakasiyana rekupisa rezvinhu.
8. Mubvunzo: Sei pfungwa yekupisa kwakahwanda ichikosha mumasisitimu emamiriro ekunze? Mhinduro: Kupisa kwakahwanda kunoita basa guru mumasisitimu emamiriro ekunze nekuda kwesimba rinobatanidzwa mukuchinja kwemvura, zvakaita sekubuda kwemvura mumhepo uye kuumbwa kwemvura. Kutamiswa kwesimba uku kunokanganisa tembiricha, kuumbwa kwemakore, uye maitiro emamiriro ekunze.
9. Mubvunzo: Mudziyo upi wakashandisa Joseph Black kuyera shanduko dzekupisa mukuyedza kwake? Mhinduro: Black akashandisa calorimeter iri nyore, mudziyo wekuyera shanduko dzekupisa, mukuyedza kwake kuyedza huwandu hwekupisa kunotorwa kana kuburitswa.
10. Mubvunzo: Kuwanikwa kwaBlack kwecarbon dioxide (yaakati "mhepo yakagadzikana") kwakabatsira sei pakugadzira kemikari? Mhinduro: Kuzivikanwa kwaBlack kwecarbon dioxide segasi rakasiyana nemhepo yemuchadenga kwakakosha mukufambira mberi kwekemikari yegasi uye kwakagadzira nzira yekunzwisisa mashandiro emakemikari ane chekuita nemagasi.
