Chii chinonzi Philosophy?
Uzivi, hunobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "philo" (rudo) uye "sophia" (uchenjeri), zvinoreva rudo rweuchenjeri. Asi mavambo aya haanyatsotsananguri zviri kutaurwa neuzivi. Uzivi inzvimbo yakaoma yekudzidza inotsvaga kunzwisisa hunhu hwechokwadi, kuvapo, ruzivo, tsika, kufunga, pfungwa, uye mutauro. Idzidzo inosanganisa kufunga kwakasimba nechishuwo chakadzama chekufumura chokwadi nezvenyika nenzvimbo yedu mairi.
Mavambo neKushanduka kweUzivi
Midzi yeuzivi inodzokera kumashure kutsika dzekare. Zvisinei, inowanzobatanidzwa neGirisi Yekare nevanhu vakaita saSocrates, Plato, naAristotle vachiita mabasa akakosha. Vafungi ava vakafungisisa nezvemibvunzo yakadzama yaisanganisira tsika, metaphysics, uye epistemology, vachiisa hwaro hwenhoroondo yakapfuma yeuzivi hwekuMadokero.
Socrates, anozivikanwa nenzira yake yeSocratic, aibata hurukuro dzaipikisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye aitsvaga kunzwisisa kwakadzama kuburikidza nekubvunza mibvunzo nguva dzose. Plato, mudzidzi wake, akanyora hurukuro dzakawanda uye akatanga Academy, iyo yaive nzvimbo yekutanga yedzidzo yepamusoro munyika yekumadokero. Aristotle, mudzidzi waPlato uye mudzidzisi waAlexander Mukuru, akapa mipiro mikuru muminda yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira logic, metaphysics, uye natural sciences.
Tsika dzekuMabvazuva dzakabatsirawo zvikuru mukufunga kweuzivi. Vazivi vakaita saConfucius naLaozi muChina vakanyura mumibvunzo pamusoro petsika, nzanga, uye hunhu hwevanhu. Uzivi hweIndia, nezvikoro zvakaita seVedanta, Jainism, uye Buddhism, hwakaongorora zvekunamata, chokwadi, uye nzira dzekujekeswa.
Matavi eUzivi
Uzivi inyaya yakakura uye ine mativi akawanda. Inowanzo kamurwa kuita mapazi akasiyana-siyana, rimwe nerimwe richipindura mibvunzo nematambudziko akasiyana:
1. Metaphysics: Bazi iri rinobata nezvehunhu hwechokwadi uye kuvapo. Mibvunzo pamusoro pezviripo, hunhu hwezvinhu, nguva, nzvimbo, chikonzero, uye mukana wekuti simba rakakwirira rive pasi pemetaphysics.
2. Epistemology: Yakatarisana neruzivo, epistemology inoongorora hunhu, chiyero, uye miganhu yekunzwisisa kwevanhu. Inoongorora mibvunzo yakaita sekuti "Chii chinonzi ruzivo?", "Ruzivo runowanikwa sei?", uye "Chii chinoita kuti zvitendero zvedu zvive zvechokwadi?"
3. Tsika: Uzivi hwetsika hunofungisisa nezvetsika nemisimboti yezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Hunoongorora dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzetsika, dzakadai se utilitarianism, deontology, uye tsika dzakanaka, uye hunodzishandisa kumatambudziko chaiwo enyika.
4. Runako: Bazi iri rinoongorora hunhu hwerunako, hunyanzvi, uye kuravira. Rinopindura mibvunzo pamusoro pekuti chii chinoita kuti chimwe chinhu chive chakanaka kana kuti chine hunyanzvi, uye kuti ruzivo rwerunako runobatsira sei muhupenyu hwevanhu.
5. Kufunga: Kufunga kunobata nheyo dzekufunga kwakanaka uye nharo. Kunobatsira pakusiyanisa nharo dzakanaka nedzakaipa uye kunoumba hwaro hwekufunga kwakarongeka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
6. Uzivi hweZvematongerwo enyika: Huchitarisa mibvunzo pamusoro pehutongi, kururamisira, kodzero, uye basa revanhu mukati menzanga, uzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika hunofunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye hunhu hwenzanga yakarurama.
7. Uzivi hwepfungwa: Bazi iri rinoongorora hunhu hwepfungwa, kuziva, uye hukama hwadzo nemuviri wenyama. Rinoongorora misoro yakaita semamiriro epfungwa, hunhu, njere dzekugadzira, uye dambudziko rekuziva.
8. Uzivi hweMutauro: Hunoongorora hunhu, mavambo, uye mashandisirwo emutauro. Kuferefeta kweuzivi mundima iyi kunosanganisira zvinoreva, mareferensi, chokwadi, uye hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nechokwadi.
Maitiro eUzivi
Kuferefeta kweuzivi kunosiyaniswa nenzira dzayo dzekuita, izvo zvinoisiyanisa nedzimwe nzira. Dzimwe nzira huru dzinosanganisira:
– Uzivi Hwekuongorora: Yakavakirwa mutsika dzeAnglo-America, nzira iyi inosimbisa kujeka, kururama, uye kuongorora zvine musoro kwemutauro nepfungwa. Vazivi vakaita saBertrand Russell naLudwig Wittgenstein vanhu vakakurumbira mutsika iyi.
– Uzivi hweContinental: Nzira iyi, yakatangira muEurope, inosanganisira mafambiro akasiyana-siyana akadai se existentialism, phenomenology, uye deconstruction. Vanhu vakakosha vanosanganisira Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, naJean-Paul Sartre.
– Phenomenology: Yakatangwa naEdmund Husserl, phenomenology inotarisa pamaumbirwo ezviitiko nepfungwa. Chinangwa chayo ndechekutsanangura zviitiko sezvazvinoonekwa, pasina zvinofungidzirwa.
– Kuvapo: Kufamba uku kunosimbisa kuvapo kwemunhu, rusununguko, uye sarudzo. Vazivi vakaita saSøren Kierkegaard naJean-Paul Sartre vakaongorora dingindira rekuparadzaniswa, kuora mwoyo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu.
– Pragmatism: Tsika yehuzivi yeAmerica, pragmatism inoongorora chokwadi nerevo yepfungwa zvichibva pamhedzisiro yadzo inoshanda uye kushanda kwayo. Vatsigiri vakuru vanosanganisira Charles Sanders Peirce naJohn Dewey.
Kukosha kweUzivi Nhasi
Pasinei nekwakatangira kare, uzivi huchiri kukosha zvikuru nanhasi. Hunopa vanhu hunyanzvi hwekufunga zvakadzama, hunokurudzira kuvhurika pfungwa, uye hunosimudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyaya dzakaoma. Kufunga kweuzivi kunobatsira kutarisana nematambudziko emazuva ano akadai sematambudziko etsika mu tekinoroji, matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, uye nyaya dzeruramisiro munharaunda.
Semuenzaniso, bioethics, chikamu chidiki chetsika, chinotarisana nemhedzisiro yetsika dzehunyanzvi hwekurapa netsika, kusanganisira genetic engineering, cloning, uye kutarisira kwekupedzisira kwehupenyu. Kuferefeta kwehungwaru hwekugadzira kunotarisa kunetseka nezvekuziva, rusununguko rwekusarudza, uye kurapwa kwetsika kwemashini akangwara.
Uyezve, huzivi hunokurudzira hupenyu hwekufungisisa uye hwakaongororwa. Socrates akataura nemukurumbira kuti "hupenyu husina kuongororwa hahuna kukodzera kurarama," achisimbisa kukosha kwekuzvifungisisa uye kuda kuziva. Kudzidza huzivi kunokurudzira vanhu kubvunza fungidziro, kufungisisa zvavanotenda, uye kuedza kuva nemaonero akabatana uye ane chinangwa.
mhedziso
Uzivi hunopfuura chidzidzo chedzidzo; inzira yekufunga nekurarama inotsvaga kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvekuvapo uye kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nyika. Kubva munguva dzekare kusvika pakushandiswa kwemazuva ano, kuferefeta kweuzivi kwakaumba pfungwa dzevanhu, tsika, uye kufambira mberi. Nekubata mibvunzo yakakosha uye kushandisa nzira dzakaoma, uzivi hunoramba huchijekesa nzira dzeuchenjeri nekunzwisisa, huchiratidza kutsvaga kwevanhu chinangwa nechokwadi.
