Hunhu hweChokwadi Sekureva kwaPlato
Munzvimbo yakakura yeuzivi hwekuMadokero, vafungi vashoma vakashandisa simba guru saPlato. Akazvarwa munenge muna 428/427 BCE muAthens, Plato akanga asiri muzivi chete asiwo mudzidzisi nemunyori ane simba. Dzidziso dzake, dzakanyorwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nehurukuro, dzinoramba dzichikurudzira uye dzichikurudzira hurukuro dzeuzivi. Chinhu chikuru mupfungwa dzake ipfungwa dzake dzechokwadi, nyaya yaakaongorora kuburikidza nedzidziso yake yeMafomu kana Pfungwa. Kuti anzwisise chokwadi maererano naPlato, munhu anofanira kunyura mumetaphysics yake, epistemology, uye ontology.
Dimikira reBako
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuratidzwa naPlato mukunzwisisa chokwadi iAllegory of the Cave, sezvakaratidzwa mubhuku rake guru, “The Republic.” Mumufananidzo uyu, vasungwa vanosungwa nengetani mubako, vachimanikidzwa kutarisa mimvuri ichikandwa pamadziro nezvinhu zvichipfuura pamberi pemoto kumashure kwavo. Mimvuri iyi inomiririra maonero evasungwa nezvechokwadi. Kwavari, mimvuri ndiyo chete chokwadi chavanoziva.
Plato anoti ruzhinji rwevanhu runorarama sevasungwa ava, vachingoona mumvuri wechokwadi chaicho. Kuna Plato, nyika yezvinhu—nyika yatinoona kuburikidza nepfungwa dzedu—inosangana nemimvuri iyi. Inochinjika, haina kukwana, uye ingori chiratidzo chechokwadi chepamusoro, chisingachinji.
Dzidziso yeMafomu
Chinonyanya kukosha pamaonero aPlato epfungwa dzepfungwa idzidziso yeMafomu. Sekureva kwedzidziso iyi, kunze kwenyika yeruzivo rwepfungwa kune nzvimbo yeMafomu kana Pfungwa dzakakwana, dzisingaperi, uye dzisingachinji. Mafomu aya anomiririra hunhu hwechokwadi hwezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, nepo tichisangana nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvigaro munyika yepanyama, chimwe nechimwe chine maumbirwo akasiyana uye saizi, zvese zvine hunhu hwakafanana—Chimiro cheChigaro. Mafomu haasi kungoumbwa kwepfungwa chete asi aripo akazvimiririra mupfungwa dzedu. Ndiwo chaiwo ekupedzisira, uye zvinhu zvatinoona munyika yepfungwa zvinongotevedzera kana kutora chikamu kwemafomu aya.
Mu "Phaedo," Plato anotsanangura Mafomu sechinongedzo chechokwadi chezvinhu zvese—chinoita kuti chinhu chive sezvachiri. Semuenzaniso, Chimiro cheRunako ndicho chinoita kuti chimwe chinhu chive chakanaka. Nyika inooneka inogara ichichinja-chinja uye haigone kuva yakakwana kana kuti isingaperi. Zvisinei, Mafomu haachinji uye anogara nekusingaperi, aripo munzvimbo inogona kungonzwisiswa chete kuburikidza nekufunga nekunzwisisa kwepfungwa.
Epistemology: Ruzivo vs. Kutenda
Kunzwisisa musiyano waPlato pakati peruzivo nekutenda kwakakosha kuti anzwisise maonero ake echokwadi. Mu "The Republic," kunyanya mumuenzaniso wakakamurwa wemitsara, Plato anosiyanisa nyika yekuva nenyika yekuva. Nyika yekuva (nyika yemanzwiro) inowanikwa kuburikidza nemaonero (doxa), nepo nyika yekuva (nzvimbo yeMafomu) inowanikwa kuburikidza neruzivo (episteme).
Kuna Plato, ruzivo rwechokwadi harubvi pane zvakaitika mupfungwa, zvinonyengera uye zvisingavimbike, asi kuburikidza nekufunga kwepfungwa. Zvinotendwa zvinoshanduka uye zvinogona kuva zvenhema, asi ruzivo nderwechokwadi uye runoenderana nechokwadi chisingachinji cheMafomu. Maitiro ekuwana ruzivo anosanganisira kutendeuka kubva munyika yepfungwa uye kufungisisa Mafomu.
Ontology: Maumbirwo eHierarchical eChokwadi
Ontology yaPlato inoratidza chimiro chehunhu hwechokwadi, nyika yeMafomu iri pamusoro. Chimiro cheChakanaka, kunyanya, chine chinzvimbo chakakosha. Mu "Republic," Plato anotsanangura Chimiro cheChakanaka sepfungwa yekupedzisira inovhenekera mamwe Mafomu ese, sekunge zuva rinovhenekera uye rinoita zvinhu zvinoonekwa munyika yepanyama. Chimiro cheChakanaka chinomiririra chokwadi chepamusoro-soro uye ndicho chitubu chemamwe Mafomu ese, zvichipa kurongeka uye zvinoreva kuzvisikwa.
Pasi peChimiro cheChakanaka pane mamwe Mafomu akakwirira, akadai seKururamisira, Runako, uye Kuenzana. Nyika yepanyama, yatinoona kuburikidza nepfungwa dzedu, inogara padanho rakaderera pane manera ePlato e ontological. Inyika yezvitarisiko, mimvuri, uye fungidziro, inogara ichichinja uye isingamboratidzi hunhu hwechokwadi hwezvinhu.
Nzira yeDialectic: Nzira yekunzwisisa Chokwadi
Kuti akwire kubva munyika yezvitarisiko kuenda kunzvimbo yeruzivo rwechokwadi, Plato anotsigira kushandiswa kwenzira yekutaura. Nzira yekutaura inosanganisira kufambira mberi kwemibvunzo nemhinduro zvinotungamirira pfungwa kubva kunyika yemanzwiro kuenda kunzwisiso yezvinhu zvepamusoro. Nzira iyi yakagadzirirwa kufumura misimboti iri pasi neMafomu anoumba ruzivo rwechokwadi.
Sekureva kwaPlato, dzidzo yeuzivi inofanira kunyanya kutarisa pakuvandudza kugona kwekufunga kwedialectic. Kuburikidza nedialectic, munhu anogona kuwana chiono chepfungwa cheMafomu uye pakupedzisira kunzwisisa Fomu reZvakanaka, zvichitungamira kukunzwisisa kwechokwadi kwechokwadi.
Zvinoreva Pfungwa yaPlato yeChokwadi
Pfungwa yaPlato pamusoro pechokwadi ine zvayakataura zvakawanda. Musiyano wake pakati penyika yezvitarisiko nenyika yeMafomu wakaisa hwaro hwemibvunzo yakatevera yemetaphysical neepistemological. Pfungwa dzake dzakakanganisa kwete vazivi vekare chete vakaita saAristotle asiwo dzakaumba kukura kwedzidziso dzechiKristu, kunyanya nekubatanidzwa kwepfungwa dzaPlato nevafungi vakaita saAugustine.
Uyezve, kusimbisa kwaPlato zvinhu zvisingaonekwe uye zvepfungwa zvechokwadi kwakabatsira zvikuru tsika dzemafilosofi ekuMadokero, zvichikurudzira kukoshesa kufunga kupfuura ruzivo rwepfungwa uye kuvapo kwezvinhu. Pfungwa dzake dzinokurudzira kufungisisa kwakadzama kwetsika nedzidzo, zvichiratidza kuti hupenyu hwakanangana nekukura kwepfungwa netsika, pane kuwana zvinhu, ndihwo hunogutsa uye hwechokwadi.
mhedziso
Kuongorora kwaPlato hunhu hwechokwadi kuchiri chinhu chikuru mukuferefeta kwefilosofi. Kuburikidza nemufananidzo wake webako, Dzidziso yeMafomu, uye nzira yekutaura, anopa chiono chechokwadi chinopfuura nyika inooneka uye inochinjika yeruzivo rwekunzwa kuti aratidze nzvimbo yakakwirira, isingachinjiki yechokwadi uye hunhu. Chiono ichi chinotikurudzira kuti titarise kupfuura zvinoonekwa, titsvage ruzivo rwechokwadi, uye tinzwisise maumbirwo akakosha ari pasi pekuvapo kwedu. Pfungwa dzaPlato dzinoramba dzichishanda, dzichitikoka kuti tifungisise hunhu hwakadzika hwechokwadi.
