Dzidziso yaSpinoza yeMonism: Kuongorora Kwakadzama
Baruch Spinoza, muzivi wechiDutch wezana remakore rechi17, anozivikanwa zvikuru nekupa kwake kukuru mufizikisi, kunyanya kuburikidza nedzidziso yake yemonism. Chimonism, muchimiro chayo chiri nyore, ipfungwa yekuti chinhu chimwe chete ndicho chinoumba chokwadi chose. Tsanangudzo yaSpinoza yemonism yakasiyana zvakanyanya nedzidziso yehuviri yaRené Descartes uye ruzhinji rwevanhu venguva yake. Opus yake huru "Ethics" inoronga hurongwa hwake hwehuzivi, ichipa zvazvinoreva zvikuru pakunzwisisa kwedu Mwari, zvisikwa, uye vanhu. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa muhuzivi hwaSpinoza hwemonistic, ichitsanangura misimboti yahwo yekutanga uye simba rayo rekuchinja pamafungiro anotevera ehuzivi.
Hunhu hweChokwadi
Spinoza anotaura nezve monism inonyanya kutaurwa nezvepfungwa yezvinhu. Mu "Ethics," anotaura zvakajeka kuti, "Nezvinhu, ndinonzwisisa zviri mazviri uye zvinofungwa kuburikidza nazvo" (Ethics, I, Def. 3). Kuna Spinoza, pane chinhu chimwe chete - Mwari kana Chisikwa (Deus sive Natura) - chinosanganisira kuvapo kwese. Kusiyana naDescartes, uyo akataura kuti pfungwa nemuviri zvine huviri, Spinoza akataura kuti zvese zviripo chikamu chechinhu ichi chimwe chete.
Pfungwa iyi yechinhu chimwe chete yakapikisa maonero aivepo panguva yake. Spinoza akaona chinhu ichi sechine hunhu husingaperi, chimwe nechimwe chinoratidza hunhu hwacho. Zvisinei, vanhu vanokwanisa chete kuona hunhu huviri uhwu: kufunga nekuwedzera. Kufunga kunosanganisira zviitiko zvese zvepfungwa, nepo kuwedzera kunoreva nzvimbo yepanyama. Saka, zvatinosangana nazvo sezvinhu zvakasiyana zvechokwadi zvinongova zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvechinhu chimwe chete chakabatana.
Mwari Nezvisikwa: Chisikwa Chine Humwe
Kuzivikanwa kwaSpinoza naMwari neZvisikwa ndicho chinhu chikuru chemetaphysics yake. Maonero aya ekuti Mwari haasi chisikwa chinopfuura zvimwe zvinhu zvose chakaparadzana nenyika, asi kuti Mwari ndiye nyika nezvose zviri mairi. Maonero aya anotsanangurwa muChirevo 15 cheChikamu I che "Maitiro Etsika," apo Spinoza anoti, "Chero chiripo, chiri muna Mwari, uye hapana chinogona kuvapo kana kufungwa pasina Mwari."
Kuna Spinoza, Mwari haasi mwari chaiye anopindira munyika; Asi, Mwari ndiye muvambi wezvinhu zvose. Zvese zviripo, zvine simba kana kuti zvisipo, chiratidzo chechinhu ichi chaMwari. Izvi zvinopesana zvikuru naMwari wechitendero chetsika uye anopindira. Nekuenzanisa Mwari nechisikigo, Spinoza anoputsa musiyano uripo pakati pemusiki nechisikwa, achipa pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvose zvienderane nemitemo isingachinji, ine musoro.
Hunhu Husingaperi
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vachingoona kufunga nekuwedzera chete, Spinoza anoti chinhu chaMwari chine hunhu husingaperi. Pfungwa iyi inosimbisa miganhu yekuziva kwevanhu; kunzwisisa kwedu kwakaganhurirwa kune nzira - kana shanduko dzakati - dzehunhu hwaMwari dzatinosangana nadzo zvakananga.
Mukuziva zvatinogona kunzwisisa, Spinoza inokoka nzira yekuzvininipisa yekuziva. Tinogona kunzwisisa chinhu chisingaperi chete kuburikidza nenzira dzacho dzakaganhurirwa, zvichireva kuti ruzivo rwedu haruna kumbokwana. Maonero aya anotungamira kumhando yekuzvibata kweruzivo, achisimbisa hukuru nekuoma kwechokwadi kunopfuura kunzwisisa kwevanhu.
Kusarudza Zvichaitika uye Rusununguko
Kutenda kwaSpinoza kunoreva zvakawanda pamusoro pepfungwa yerusununguko rwekusarudza. Muzvisikwa zvake zvekusarudza, zvese zvinobva pakukosha kwehunhu hwaMwari. Mamiriro ese ezvinhu anokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvekare, zvichidzokera kuchinhu chimwe chete. Maonero aya ekusarudza anowanikwa muchirevo chaSpinoza: "Muzvisikwa hapana chinhu chinoenderana, asi zvinhu zvese zvakasarudzwa kubva pakukosha kwehunhu hwaMwari kuti huvepo uye huve nemigumisiro neimwe nzira."
Zvisinei, pfungwa yaSpinoza yekuti zvinhu zvichaitika hazvitungamiriri kuchitendero chekufa. Asi, anotsanangura rusununguko sekunzwisisa zvinodiwa. Rusununguko rwechokwadi, kuna Spinoza, runowanikwa kuburikidza nekunzwisisa zvine musoro kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinosarudzwa sei nekurongeka kwechisikigo. Patinonyanya kunzwisisa zvikonzero nekubatana kunoumba zvatinosangana nazvo, tinowedzera kuenderana kuda kwedu nechimiro chepfungwa chepasi rose.
Rudo rwepfungwa rwaMwari
Spinoza anopedzisa "Maitiro" nepfungwa ye "rudo rwepfungwa rwaMwari" (amor intellectulis Dei), inova ndiyo nzira yepamusoro-soro yeruzivo uye nzira yekupedzisira yemufaro. Rudo urwu harusi rwemanzwiro kana rwemanzwiro asi rwepfungwa. Nekunzwisisa nzvimbo yedu mukati mezvinhu zvisingaperi, tinowana pfungwa yekubatana nehunhu hwaMwari. Rudo urwu rwepfungwa rwaMwari runotungamira kune chikamu chisingaperi chepfungwa, zvichipa rudzi rwekusafa rwakavakirwa mukunzwisisa kwete mumashiripiti.
Impact uye Legacy
Kutenda kwaSpinoza semunhu ane hunyanzvi kwakabatsira zvikuru pauzivi, sainzi, uye dzidziso dzechitendero. Pfungwa dzake dzakafanoratidza kufambira mberi kwevafungi vekare, kusanganisira kutaura kwaHegel semunhu ane hunyanzvi hwekutaura uye kuremekedza kwaEinstein kurongeka kwezvinhu zvose. Uyezve, kududzira kwaSpinoza semunhu ane hunyanzvi hwechisikigo kwakagadzira nzira yeKujekeswa uye humanism yemazuva ano.
Muhuzivi hwemazuva ano, kunzwisisa kwaSpinoza kunoenderana nehurukuro pamusoro pekuziva, dambudziko repfungwa nemuviri, uye hunhu hwechokwadi. Simba rake rinopfuura dzidzo yepamusoro, rinokurudzira vanyori, vaimbi, uye varatidziri vanokwezvwa nemaonero ake enyika ine musoro uye yakabatana.
mhedziso
Dzidziso yaSpinoza ye monism inopa maonero akazara uye akabatana echokwadi anopikisa dualism yechinyakare uye maonero ekuti Mwari haana zvisikwa. Nekutaura chinhu chimwe chete - Mwari kana Chisikwa - Spinoza anopa hurongwa hunobatanidza zvemuviri nepfungwa, zvinogumira uye zvisingaperi, kuita chinhu chakabatana. Kuburikidza nepfungwa dzake dzinosarudza asi dzichisunungura, Spinoza anotikoka kuti tigamuchire nzvimbo yedu mukati mekurongeka kwepasirese, tichikurudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama uye kunzwisisa kubatana kunotsanangura kuvapo kwedu. Basa rake rinoramba riri humbowo hwesimba rekuferefeta kwefilosofi uye kukosha kwayo kusingaperi mukutsvaga ruzivo nerevo.
