Pesvedzero yeUzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki
Uzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki, hwakatangira muzana remakore rechitanhatu BCE kusvika kumagumo ekare, hunomiririra mbiru huru yetsika dzepfungwa dzekuMadokero. Simba rahwo rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai sezvematongerwo enyika, tsika, metaphysics, epistemology, runako, nesainzi, zvichipa maitiro akazara ekufunga anoramba achibatsira muhurukuro dzemazuva ano. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa zvakanyanya kukanganiswa kweuzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki patsika dzemazuva ano, nekutarisa vanhu vakakosha nezvikoro zvepfungwa.
Pre-Socratics: Kugadzira Danho
Uzivi hwechiGiriki hwakatanga nevanhu vekare vekare, vazivi vasati vava Socrates avo vakaongorora nyika nekuvapo kwevanhu vachishandisa kufunga kwete ngano. Thales wekuMiletus, aiwanzoonekwa semuzivi wekutanga, akataura kuti mvura ndiyo chinhu chikuru chenyika. Vatsivi vake—Anaximander, uyo akatanga pfungwa ye "apeiron" (isina muganho), naHeraclitus, uyo akasimbisa shanduko inogara iripo nedzidziso yake ye "kushanduka-shanduka"—vakagadzira nzira yekuferefeta kwakarongeka kwehunhu hwechokwadi.
Pythagoras wekuSamos, mumwe wevasati vasvika kuSocrates, akagadzira nhaka yakakosha nekubatanidza uzivi nemasvomhu. Kutenda kwake mukuwirirana kwenhamba kwakapesvedzera kukura kwekufunga kwemasvomhu nesainzi, simba rainzwika zvakajeka muminda yakasiyana-siyana kubva pa geometry kusvika kudzidziso yemimhanzi.
Socrates: Tsika uye Epistemology
Uzivi hwaSocrates, hunozivikanwa zvikuru kuburikidza nehurukuro dzemudzidzi wake Plato, hunochinja pfungwa kubva kuzvinhu zvepasi kuenda kuhupenyu hwevanhu. Achiisa kuferefeta kwetsika pakati, Socrates akatanga nzira ye elenchus (kubvunzana kweSocrates), rudzi rwekukurukurirana kwenharo dzekushandira pamwe kuti akurudzire kufunga kwakadzama uye kujekesa pfungwa.
Kusimbirira kwaSocrates pakuferefeta tsika pamusoro pekufungidzira kwemetafizikisi hakuna kungokanganisa chete boka rake repedyo asiwo kwakagadzira nzira yekuedza kwakatevera kweuzivi. Mutauro wake wakakurumbira wekuti, "Hupenyu husina kuongororwa hauna kukodzera kurarama," unosimbisa kukosha kwekuzvifungisisa uye kuvimbika kwemunhu.
Plato: Muvaki weIdealism
Plato, mudzidzi waSocrates, akawedzera uye akaronga pfungwa dzemudzidzisi wake, achigadzira dzidziso dzakadzama dzine simba rinogara kwenguva refu. Dzidziso yake yeFomu inoti mafomu asina kusimba (kana pfungwa) anomiririra chokwadi chakarurama. Iyi framework ye ontological uye epistemological inoratidza kuti nyika inoonekwa ingori mumvuri wenyika chaiyo, yepamusoro yeFomu.
Bhuku raPlato rinonzi Republic, iro rine ruzivo rwakakosha muhuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika, rinotaura nezvenharaunda yakarurama inotongwa nemadzimambo evazivi. Chiono chake chenyika yakanaka, achitsigira basa rekufunga neuchenjeri mukutonga, chakafuridzira dzidziso dzakawanda dzezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira zvinhu zvedemocracy yemazuva ano uye hutongi hwemadiro.
Aristotle: Mutongi weEmpiricist uye Mugadziri wehurongwa
Aristotle, mudzidzi waPlato, akasiyana nemudzidzisi wake nekusimbisa kucherechedzwa kweruzivo rwekare uye kupatsanurwa kweruzivo muzvikamu. Akaita mipiro mikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: pfungwa, metaphysics, tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, kutaura, uye sainzi yezvisikwa.
Nicomachean Ethics yaAristotle inotanga pfungwa ye eudaimonia (kubudirira kwevanhu), ichiti hunhu hwakanaka huri mu "pakati pegoridhe" pakati pekushaikwa nekuwanda. Maitiro ake ekuita tsika, achitarisa pakukura kwehunhu uye kuita zvine musoro, anoramba achipesvedzera muhungwaru hwetsika hwemazuva ano.
Uzivi hwechiGiriki: Kuwedzera uye Kusiyanisa
Mushure maAristotle, dzidziso dzechiGiriki, kusanganisira dzechiStoic, dzechiEpicurean, uye dzechiSkepticism, dzakabuda, imwe neimwe ichipa nzira dzakasiyana dzehupenyu neruzivo. ChiStoicism, chakavambwa naZeno weCitium, chinodzidzisa kukura kwekuzvidzora uye kushinga kwekukunda manzwiro anoparadza. Ichisimbisa kurongeka kwezvisikwa zvine musoro, chiStoicism chakapesvedzera zvikuru mafungiro eRoma nepfungwa dzechiKristu chekutanga.
Epicureanism, yakavambwa naEpicurus, inotsigira kutsvaga mufaro kuburikidza nekuenzanisa zvishuwo uye kukudziridza hushamwari. Kusiyana nekusanzwisisana kwemafaro, tsika dzeEpicurean dzinosimbisa rugare rwepfungwa (ataraxia) uye kusava nemarwadzo (aponia) senzira inoenda kuhupenyu hwakakwana.
Kusava nechokwadi, sezvakatsanangurwa naPyrrho naSextus Empiricus gare gare, kunobvunza nezve mukana wekuti pave neruzivo rwakati. Nekumisa kutonga (nguva), Vasava nechokwadi vanovavarira kuwana rugare nekuziva miganhu yekunzwisisa kwevanhu. Maitiro aya akapesvedzera nzira dzakazotevera dzekuongorora nesainzi, zvichisimbisa kuongororwa kwakakosha uye hunhu hweruzivo rwechinguvana.
Nhaka uye Simba remazuva ano
Nhaka yeuzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki yakakura uye inogara kwenguva refu. MuMiddle Ages, kuwanikwa patsva kwemagwaro echiGiriki kuburikidza nenyanzvi dzechiIslam nedzekuEurope dzakazotevera kwakamutsa hupenyu hwepfungwa, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi muuzivi hwedzidzo. Semuenzaniso, Thomas Aquinas akabatanidza pfungwa dzaAristotelian nemetaphysics muchitendero chechiKristu, achiumba pfungwa dzepakati nepakati zvakadzama.
MuRenaissance, vanhu vaitsigira dzidziso dzechivanhu vakamutsiridza pfungwa dzaPlato nedzeAristotle, vachikurudzira kufambira mberi muunyanzvi, sainzi, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Vafungi veEnlightenment, vakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzechiGiriki dzekunzwisisa uye dzetsika, vakatsigira kufunga, kodzero dzemunhu, uye misimboti yedemocracy, vachiumba nzanga dzemazuva ano dzekuMadokero.
Uzivi hwemazuva ano hunoramba huchibatanidzwa nepfungwa dzechiGiriki. Pfungwa dzepfungwa dzakanaka, dzidziso dzesainzi, uye uzivi hwekuongorora zvinoratidza simba raAristotle, nepo dzidziso dzehupenyu hwemunhu nepfungwa dzezviitiko dzichidzokorora dingindira reSocratic neStoic. Dzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika, kubva parusununguko kusvika pahukomunisitarian, dzinobatanidzwa nepfungwa dzaPlatonic neAristotle pamusoro peruramisiro nehupenyu hwakanaka.
Uyezve, nzira dzeuzivi dzechiGiriki—hurukuro dzinoongorora, kufunga kwakarongeka, uye kuferefeta kwakaitwa—dzinoramba dziri musimboti wekuferefeta kwedzidzo nekufambira mberi kwepfungwa. Masangano akaita seAcademy neLyceum, akavambwa naPlato naAristotle, anoshanda semienzaniso yemayunivhesiti emazuva ano, achikurudzira nzvimbo dzekuongorora pfungwa nenharo.
mhedziso
Uzivi hwekare hwechiGiriki, pamwe nekuferefeta kwahwo kwakasimba pamusoro pehunhu hwechokwadi, ruzivo, uye hupenyu hwakanaka, hwakaumba tsika dzekumadokero. Simba rahwo rinogara kwenguva refu muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana rinosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa kwaro mukupindura mibvunzo yemazuva ano. Nekubata netsika dzeuzivi hwechiGiriki, tinoramba tichitsanangura kuoma kwehupenyu hwevanhu, tichitungamirirwa nekutsvaga huchenjeri hwaikurudzira kufunga kwekare.
