Descartes' Dualism yepfungwa nechinhu
René Descartes, muzivi wechiFrench wezana remakore rechi17, akapa mipiro mikuru muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveuzivi nesainzi. Imwe yedzidziso dzake dzine simba uye dzinogara kwenguva refu ipfungwa yehuviri, iyo inopa mutsauko mukuru pakati pepfungwa nemuviri—pakati penzvimbo dzepfungwa nedzemuviri. Huviri hwaDescartes, hunowanzonzi Cartesian Dualism, hwakakurudzira gakava rakakura uye hwakaumba hurukuro muuzivi, psychology, uye neuroscience.
Nheyo dzeCartesian: Cogito, ergo sum
Pfungwa huru yepfungwa dzaDescartes inowanikwa mumutsara unoti “Cogito, ergo sum,” zvinoreva kuti “Ndinofunga, saka ndiri.” Mashoko aya akabuda mukusahadzika kwaDescartes kwemaitiro—nzira yakaoma yekusava nechokwadi nezveruzivo rwese kuti awane hwaro husingarambiki. Descartes akabvunza zvese zvaaimbotenda, achifunga nezvekuti mwari ane hutsinye anogona kumunyengedza. Zvisinei, akaona kuti kusahadzika kwacho kwaireva kuvapo kwechinhu chinofunga. Kuziva uku kwakava chokwadi chepakutanga chaakavakira uzivi hwake.
Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, Descartes akasimbisa chokwadi chekutanga chekuti pfungwa—kufunga, kusava nechokwadi, uye kuda kuvapo—dzinogara dziripo dzakazvimirira. Akabva ataura kuti pfungwa (kana mweya) nemuviri (kana zvinhu) zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose. Mhedziso iyi ndiyo musimboti weCartesian Dualism.
Pfungwa neMashoko: Zvinhu Zviviri Zvakasiyana
Kutsanangurwa kwaDescartes pakati pepfungwa nezvinhu kunobva pakutaura kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvine hunhu hwakasiyana. Pfungwa (res cogitans) inoratidzwa nepfungwa, kuziva, uye kuziva wega. Haitambanudzike, zvichireva kuti haigari munzvimbo kana kuti ine mativi emuviri. Pane kudaro, haina basa uye yakabatana zvakanyanya neruzivo rwedu rwekuziva.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chinhu (res extensa) chinotsanangurwa nekupararira kwacho muchadenga. Chine zvinhu zvepanyama uye zviyero zvenzvimbo zvinogarwa. Chinhu chinoshanda pasi pemitemo yefizikisi uye chinogona kuonekwa, kuyerwa, uye kushandiswa nehunyanzvi. Sekureva kwaDescartes, hunhu uhu—kuwedzera nekufunga—zvakabatana uye hazvigone kunzi zvinokonzerwa nechinhu chimwe chete.
Kudyidzana Pakati Pepfungwa Nemuviri
Dambudziko guru reCartesian Dualism riri pakutsanangura kudyidzana kuripo pakati pepfungwa dzisina muviri nemuviri wenyama. Descartes akataura izvi nekukurudzira kuti pfungwa nemuviri zvishande pamwe chete kuburikidza nepineal gland, chimiro chidiki cheendocrine chiri muuropi. Akafungidzira kuti gland iyi yakashanda senzvimbo iyo zvinangwa zvepfungwa zvinoshandurwa kuita zviito zvemuviri uye zvinopesana.
Pasinei nekuedza kwaDescartes kuvhara musiyano uyu, dambudziko rekudyidzana rakaramba riripo senzira huru yekutsoropodza dualism. Vatsoropodzi vanoti zvinonetsa mukufunga kufungidzira kuti chinhu chisiri chinhu chinogona sei kukanganisa chinhu chinobatika. Dambudziko iri rakaita kuti pave nedzidziso dzakasiyana dzakadai separallelism uye occasionalism, dzinoratidza nzira dzakasiyana dzekudyidzana kwepfungwa nemuviri.
Pesvedzero uye Kutsoropodzwa
Kudavira kwaDescartes pamusoro pezvinhu zviviri (dualism) kwakachinja hurukuro yepfungwa nekutaura kuti zviitiko zvepfungwa nezvemuviri zvakasiyana zvikuru. Zvakakanganisa zvikuru kukura kwepfungwa, zvichigadzira nzira yekutsvaga ruzivo rwezvemangwana nezvepfungwa nepfungwa. Uyezve, kudavira kwaCartesian pamusoro pezvinhu zviviri (dualism) kwakapesvedzera shanduko yesainzi nekukurudzira maonero epasi rino uye kukurudzira kuferefeta kwezviitiko.
Zvisinei, dzidziso yaDescartes ye "dualism" yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru. Vazivi vakaita saGilbert Ryle vakati dzidziso ye "dualism" inokanganisa pfungwa nekubata mamiriro epfungwa sekunge ari echikamu chakasiyana che "ontological" kubva kune emuviri. Ryle akataura kuti mabasa epfungwa haasi epachivande, ekuzviongorora asi maitiro ekuzvibata nenzira dzakati.
Uyezve, kuwedzera kwekuda zvinhu zvenyama uye kufambira mberi mu neuroscience zvakanetsa Cartesian Dualism. Vanoda zvinhu zvenyama vanoti maitiro epfungwa anogona kutsanangurwa zvizere nemabasa ehuropi hwepanyama, zvichideredza kudiwa kwechinhu chepfungwa chakasiyana. Tsvagiridzo musayenzi yekuziva yakawedzera kutsigira pfungwa yekuti mamiriro epfungwa ane hukama nemapatani chaiwo etsinga, zvichiratidza kuti pfungwa dzinogona kubuda mumabasa ehuropi kwete kubva kune chimwe chinhu chakasiyana.
Dambudziko rePfungwa neMuviri: Kuferefeta kweUzivi kuri Kuenderera Mberi
Dambudziko repfungwa nemuviri richiri nyaya huru muuzivi nesainzi yemazuva ano. Rinobvunza kuti mamiriro epfungwa—pfungwa, manzwiro, maonero—akabatana sei nemamiriro ehuropi hwepanyama. Dualism yakaunzwa naDescartes yakapa maonero akafanana; zvisinei, dzimwe dzidziso dzakabuda.
Semuenzaniso, monism inomiririra chinhu chimwe chete kana kuti chokwadi. Physicalism, rudzi rwemonism, inotaura kuti zvese zvinonyatsoenderana nemuviri kana kuti zvinoenderana nemuviri. Pasi pemaonero aya, mamiriro epfungwa mamiriro europi, uye kuziva kunobuda mukudyidzana kwakaoma kwetsinga. Izvi zvave maonero makuru mune sainzi yemazuva ano yekuziva uye neurobiology.
Imwe nzira, yehuviri hwezvinhu, inoti kunyangwe pfungwa nemuviri zvisiri zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvine hunhu hwakasiyana. Maonero aya anoratidza kuti mamiriro epfungwa zvinhu zvisiri zvemuviri zvinobva muhurongwa hwepanyama, zvichibvumira kunzwisisa pfungwa nenzira dzakasiyana.
Mhedziso: Nhaka yaDescartes
Dzidziso yaRené Descartes yedzidziso ye "dualism" yakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki pauzivi nesainzi. Nekusiyanisa pakati pepfungwa nezvinhu, akatanga kuferefeta kwakadzama pamusoro pehunhu hwehupenyu hwevanhu, pfungwa, nenyika yepanyama. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso ye "Cartesian Dualism" yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru uye yakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva, yakaisa hwaro hwemakakatanwa aripo pamusoro pehukama hwepfungwa nemuviri.
Kufambira mberi mu neuroscience ne cognitive science kuri kuramba kuchitsvaga mibvunzo iyi, zvichiratidza kubatana kwakaoma pakati pepfungwa nemuviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyaya huru dzakamutswa naDescartes dzinoramba dziripo, dzichishanda sechiyeuchidzo chekuoma uye chakavanzika chezviitiko zvevanhu.
Pakupedzisira, nhaka yaDescartes haisi yekungopa mhinduro chete asi mukubvunza mibvunzo yakadzama inosunda kutsvaga kuzvinzwisisa isu pachedu uye hunhu hwechokwadi. Kuburikidza nemaonero ehuviri, tinokurudzirwa kufungisisa kutamba kwakaoma pakati pepfungwa nezvinhu, kutamba kunotsanangura hupenyu hwedu chaihwo.
