Maonero aDavid Hume pamusoro peEmpiricism
David Hume, muzivi wekuScotland wezana remakore rechi18, anowanzo remekedzwa semumwe wevazivi vakakosha munhoroondo yemafungiro ekuMadokero. Dzidziso dzake, kunyanya nezve empiricist, dzakava nepesvedzero huru pamamiriro ehuzivi. Empiricism, dzidziso yekuti ruzivo rwese runobva muruzivo rwepfungwa, inopesana ne rationalism, iyo inotaura kuti kufunga nepfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo ndiwo manyuko makuru eruzivo. Radical empiricism yaHume yakawedzera pfungwa dzevazivi vekare vakaita saJohn Locke naGeorge Berkeley, zvichikonzera kukosha kukuru kwehuzivi, sainzi, nekunzwisisa kwevanhu.
Nheyo dzeEmpiricism yaHume
Hume akatsanangura maonero ake zvakanyatsorongeka mumabasa ake maviri makuru: "A Treatise of Human Nature" uye "An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding". Chinhu chikuru muhungwaru hwaHume ipfungwa yekuti ruzivo rwese rwakavakirwa pamaonero nepfungwa. Mafungiro ndiwo zviitiko zvakajeka, zvepakarepo zvatinosangana nazvo muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, zvakaita sekuravira kweapuro kana kurwadziwa kwekutsva. Pfungwa, kune rumwe rutivi, mifananidzo isina kujeka yemaonero aya mukufunga nekufunga. Kuna Hume, kunyange pfungwa dzakaoma kwazvo dzinogona kupatsanurwa kuita musanganiswa wepfungwa dziri nyore, idzo dzinogona kuteverwa kumashure kune pfungwa huru.
Hwaro Hweruzivo Rwevanhu
Maitiro aHume anotanga nekuongorora zvakadzama pfungwa dzevanhu. Anoti kunzwisisa kwedu nyika kwakavakirwa paruzivo, kwete pakufunga kwekutanga kana pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo. Maitiro aya ekuongorora zvinhu anopesana nepfungwa dzechinyakare dzakaburitswa nevazivi vane pfungwa dzakapinza vakaita saRené Descartes, avo vaiti chokwadi chimwe chinogona kuzivikanwa kuburikidza nekufunga chete. Sekureva kwaHume, pfungwa dzinotanga sedombo risina chinhu, uye kuburikidza nekudyidzana nenyika ndipo patinowana ruzivo.
Chikonzero uye Tsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naHume mukuongorora kwake hunhu hwechikonzero. Hume anopikisa fungidziro yaivepo panguva iyoyo yekuti chikonzero nemhedzisiro zvinozivikanwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekufunga. Pane kudaro, anotaura kuti kutenda kwedu muhunhu hwechikonzero chibereko chekubatana kwakajairika. Patinoona zviitiko zviviri zvichiitika pamwe chete—sebhora rebhiriyadhi richirova rimwe uye richikonzera kufamba—tinotarisira kuti chiitiko chimwe chichatevera chimwe. Tarisiro iyi haina kubva mukunzwisisa kwemukati kwekubatana kunodiwa asi mutsika yepfungwa inoumbwa nekutarisa kakawanda.
Hume anonyatsoratidza pfungwa iyi nekubvunza kana tichigona kuziva hukama hwechikonzero nemhedzisiro inotonga muchadenga. Semuenzaniso, kungoti zuva rabuda zuva rega rega muzviitiko zvedu hazvitipe chokwadi chekuti richabudazve mangwana—zvinongotipa tariro yekufungidzira yakavakirwa patsika.
Dambudziko reInduction
Dambudziko raHume rekuti zvinhu zvinokonzereswa nepfungwa (induction), iro rinoita kuti tiwane mhedziso dzakajairika kubva pane zvakacherechedzwa, ndiro hwaro hwekuferefeta kwesainzi. Zvisinei, Hume anotaura kuti rudzi urwu rwekufunga haruna kururama nekuti runofunga kuti ramangwana richafanana nerakare. Kungoti kufunga kwepfungwa kwakamboshanda munguva yakapfuura hakuvimbisi kuti kwakakodzera mune ramangwana. Dambudziko iri rekuti zvinhu zvinokonzereswa nepfungwa rinotisiya nedambudziko repfungwa: nepo kufunga kwepfungwa kuchikosha pakurarama uye pakuita kwesainzi, hakuna hwaro hwakasimba hwepfungwa.
Kusava nechokwadi uye Ruzivo
Hume anoedza zvinhu zvose kuti azvione seasingafungi. Sezvo zvatinotenda pamusoro penyika zvichibva pane zvatinoziva, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa uye kunyengera, Hume anobvunza chokwadi cheruzivo rwedu. Zvisinei, kusava nechokwadi kwake hakusi kungogumira pachinhu chimwe chete kana kuti kusingafungidzike. Pane kudaro, kunongova kusava nechokwadi kunoshanda kana kuti kwakaderedzwa. Hume anobvuma kukosha kwekutora zviitiko zvedu zvepfungwa uye zvatinotenda seasingafungidzike zvakakomba pakushanda kwezuva nezuva, pasinei nekusava nechokwadi kwazvo.
Empiricism uye Kuzvida
Imwe nzvimbo inokosha apo Hume anoshandisa hunhu hwake hwepfungwa ndeyekukurukura kwake iye pachake. Zvichienderana netsika yefilosofi inowanzo fungidzira iye pachake sechinhu chisingaperi, chisingachinji, Hume anopa maonero ekuchinja. Akataura kuti hatina pfungwa yekuti iye pachake akasimba. Pane kudaro, zvatinodaidza kuti "iye pachake" ingori muunganidzwa wemaonero nezviitiko zvinogara zvichichinja nekufamba kwenguva. Hapana chinhu chisingaperi chiripo; iye pachake muunganidzwa wezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa nemifananidzo yepfungwa yatinobatanidza pamwe chete.
Zvinoreva Zvinoshanda uye Dzidziso Yetsika
Hume anotsigirawo tsika, kwaanoramba pfungwa yekuti tsika dzinogona kubva pakufunga chete. Asi, anotaura kuti kutonga kwetsika kunoratidza manzwiro evanhu. Sekureva kwaHume, manzwiro edu ekutendera kana kusafarira zviito zvimwe ndizvo zvinoumba pfungwa yedu yetsika. Maonero aya emanzwiro anosimbisa kuti ruzivo rwetsika, semamwe marudzi ese eruzivo, rwakavakirwa pane zvakaitika kuvanhu uye manzwiro avo.
Kufurira uye Nhaka
Kufungidzira kwaHume kwakave nemhedzisiro inogara iripo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeuzivi nedzimwe nzvimbo. Pfungwa dzake dzakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa dzakanaka uye uzivi hwekuongorora. Dambudziko rekudzidziswa uye kusava nechokwadi kwaHume nezvezvikonzero zvakakonzera zvakapesvedzera vanhu vakaita saImmanuel Kant, uyo anozivikanwa nekupa Hume mbiri yekumumutsa kubva "muhope dzake dzedzidziso". Munyika yesainzi, pfungwa dzaHume dzinoshanda kuburikidza nekuita kuferefeta kweruzivo rwechokwadi uye kubvunza nguva dzose fungidziro.
mhedziso
Maonero aDavid Hume pamusoro pepfungwa dzekufungidzira (empiricism) anomiririra nguva inokosha munhoroondo yeuzivi. Nekusimbisa zvakanyanya basa reruzivo rwepfungwa muruzivo rwevanhu uye kupikisa fungidziro dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzepfungwa, Hume akagadzira nzira yakachinja mamiriro euzivi. Kuongorora kwake chikonzero, kusava nechokwadi, iye pachake, uye tsika hazvina kungopokana nezvitendero zvakagara zviripo asi zvakare zvakapa hurongwa hutsva hwekunzwisisa ruzivo rwevanhu. Kuburikidza nepfungwa dzake dzekuongorora, Hume anoramba achimutsa kuferefeta nekukurukurirana zvine musoro, achisimbisa kuomarara uye zvipingamupinyi zviri mukutsvaga kwedu ruzivo.
