Mhedzisiro yeKusvibiswa kweMhepo pazvirimwa
Munguva ino yemazuva ano, kufambira mberi kweindasitiri nekufambisa kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kwemhepo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rose. Kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kunoratidzwa nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvine njodzi zvakaita senitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), uye zvidimbu zvidiki (PM10 nePM2.5), hakungotyisidzi hutano hwevanhu chete asiwo kunokonzera kukuvara kukuru kunharaunda, kusanganisira zvirimwa. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura zvakadzama migumisiro yekusvibiswa kwemhepo pazvirimwa kubva pamaonero emuviri, chimiro, uye ezvakatipoteredza.
1. Mhedzisiro yeMhepo paFiziyo yeMiti
Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakaita se ozone ne sulfur dioxide zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemuviri mumiti. Semuenzaniso, ozone isimba guru rinogona kupinda mumashizha emuti uye kukonzera kukuvara kwemasero. Miti inowanikwa mu ozone yakawanda inowanzoratidza zviratidzo zve necrosis (kufa kwemasero), chlorosis (kutsvuka kwemashizha), uye kudzikira kwe photosynthesis.
Sulfur dioxide, kune rumwe rutivi, inofamba nemumiti inodonha mumasero emiti yobva yanyungudika mumvura kuti igadzire sulfuric acid. Iyi sulfuric acid inobva yakuvadza ma enzymes nemasero emuviri, zvichikanganisa photosynthesis nekufema kwemiti. Zviratidzo zvinowanzoonekwa mumiti inobatwa neSO2 zvinosanganisira mavara machena kana mashava pamashizha uye kudonha kwemashizha nguva isati yakwana.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inogonawo kupinda mumiti kuburikidza nestomata, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwemasero izvo zvinozopedzisira zvadzivisa mashandiro emuviri, kusanganisira photosynthesis. Uyezve, kusvibiswa neNOx kunogona kuwedzera acidity yevhu, izvo zvinokanganisa kutorwa kwezvinovaka muviri nemidzi yemiti.
2. Mhedzisiro yeKusvibiswa kweMhepo paMaumbirwo eMiti
Muchimiro chemuviri, zvirimwa zvinosangana nekusvibiswa kwemhepo zvinogona kuratidza shanduko huru. Mashizha, madzinde, nemidzi zvinogona kukura zvakasiyana kana zvichienzaniswa nezviri munzvimbo dzakachena. Semuenzaniso, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwenguva refu kunogona kunonotsa kukura kwemashizha uye kukonzera shanduko muruvara rwemashizha uye chimiro chepamusoro, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubatwa nezvirwere nezvipembenene.
Zvinosvibisa zvinogonawo kukanganisa kukura kwematavi emiti nemadzinde. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokonzera kudzikira kwehunde nemidzi nekuda kwekudzikira kwekugadzirwa kwe lignin, chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemiti. Kukura kwemidzi kusingagari kunogona kuderedza kugona kwemiti kupinza mvura nezvinovaka muviri kubva muvhu, zvichizopedzisira zvakanganisa kukura kwemiti yese.
3. Kukanganiswa kweMhepo neMaonero eZvipenyu
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo hakungokanganisi zvirimwa chete asiwo nharaunda yese. Kuderera kwehutano hwemhando imwe chete yemiti kunogona kukonzera shanduko mukudyidzana pakati pemarudzi, huwandu hwevanhu, uye maumbirwo enzvimbo dzemiti munzvimbo yekugara. Semuenzaniso, mamwe marudzi emiti anogona kutsungirira kusvibiswa kwemhepo zvakanyanya uye anogona kutora nzvimbo dzaimbove nemarudzi anonyanya kukanganiswa nekusvibiswa.
Izvi zvinokanganisawo mhuka dzinovimba nemiti kuti dziwane chikafu kana pekugara. Kuderera kwemhando yezvirimwa zvekudya uye huwandu hwazvo kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemhuka dzinodya zvinomera, izvo zvinozokanganisawo mhuka dzinodya zvinomera. Uyezve, shanduko mukusiyana-siyana kwezvirimwa uye kubereka kwadzo zvinogona kukanganisa mabasa ekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza akadai sekuchengetwa kwekabhoni, kudzora kukurwa kwevhu, uye kutenderera kwemvura.
4. Kuedza Kuderedza Dambudziko uye Maitiro
Kuti kuderedze kukanganiswa kwakaipa kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo pazvirimwa, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadzirwa. Imwe nzira inosanganisira kugadzira mapu enzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekusvibiswa uye kudyara mhando dzemiti dzinotsungirira kusvibiswa munzvimbo idzodzo. Tsvagiridzo yemajini yakanangidzirwawo pakugadzira mhando dzemiti dzinotsungirira kusvibiswa kwemhepo.
Uyezve, kuedza kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakakosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzira matekinoroji emumaindasitiri akachena, kushandisa mafuta asingakuvadzi nharaunda, uye kusimbisa mitemo yakasimba pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mumotokari nemafekitori. Hurumende nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza vanoitawo basa rakakosha mukutarisa kunaka kwemhepo uye kupa ruzivo nedzidzo kune veruzhinji nezvekukosha kwekuchengetedza kunaka kwemhepo.
5. Makesi eConcrete uye Mashandisirwo Emumunda
Semuenzaniso chaiwo, ngatifungei nezvemamiriro ezvinhu muguta guru rakaita seBeijing, China, iro rinozivikanwa nekusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakanyanya. Mumakore achangopfuura, Beijing yave iri nzvimbo yekuongorora zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoongorora kukanganisa kwemhepo pahutano hwezvirimwa zvemumaguta. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti, dzakadai sePopulus spp. neSalix babylonica, dzakaona kukura kwemashizha kwakaderera uye kukuvara kukuru kwenyama nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo.
MuIndia, minda yetii muSikkim neDarjeeling yakaonawo kudzikira kwegoho uye kunaka kwemashizha nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kudzikira uku hakungokanganisi hutano hwezvirimwa chete asiwo hupfumi hwevanhu vanovimba neindasitiri yetii.
6. Kukosha kweKuzivana pamwe chete uye Kuita Zviito
Kuziviswa kweveruzhinji nezvekukanganiswa kwemhepo pamiti kunofanira kusimudzirwa. Dzidzo yezvakatipoteredza muzvikoro uye mishandirapamwe yehurumende nemasangano asiri ehurumende inogona kubatsira kuzivisa kukosha kwehunhu hwemhepo pahutano hwezvirimwa.
Kutora matanho pamwe chete kunodiwawo nekukurumidza, zvakaita sezvirongwa zvekurima miti mumaguta zvinosanganisira kudyara miti inodzivirira kusvibiswa mumigwagwa mikuru nenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri. Izvi hazvingogadzirisi chete hunhu hwemhepo yemuno asiwo zvinopa mamwe mabhenefiti akadai sekupa pekugara kumhuka dzesango uye kuvandudza hupenyu hwevagari vemumaguta.
Mhedziso
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo kune mhedzisiro yakakura pahutano nekukura kwemiti. Kubva pakuchinja kwemuviri kunodzivisa photosynthesis kusvika pamigumisiro yechimiro inokanganisa kukura nekukura kwemiti, uye mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza inochinja chimiro chenharaunda dzemiti—zvose izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kuedza kuderedza uye kuziva pamwe chete kukosha kwemhepo yakachena matanho akakosha ekudzivirira zvirimwa uye, pakupedzisira, kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. Nekushandira pamwe kwakasimba pakati pemasayendisiti, hurumende, maindasitiri, neveruzhinji, tinogona kubatsira mukuita kuti nharaunda ive neutano uye inochengetedza nguva.
