Nheyo dzeKudzivirira Goho reMazuva Ano
Kudzivirirwa kwezvirimwa kwemazuva ano inzira dzakawanda dzesainzi uye dzinoshanda dzekuchengetedza zvirimwa zvine hutano, kubereka, uye zvakachengeteka kubva kuzvinhu zvinokanganisa zvirimwa (OPT) zvakaita sezvipembenene, zvirwere, nemasora. Munguva yekurima kwakasimba, kuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa hakuchashandiswi nekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene chete, asi kunobatanidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana - dzezvipenyu, dzetsika, dzemakanika, dzemajini, dzedhijitari, nedzemakemikari - nenzira yakabatana. Chinangwa hachisi kungouraya zvipembenene chete, asiwo kuderedza kurasikirwa kwehupfumi, kuchengetedza mhando yezvirimwa, kuchengetedza nharaunda, uye kuona kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu.
1. Sei kuchengetedza zvirimwa zvemazuva ano kuchikosha?
Kudiwa kwechikafu kunowedzera nekukura kwevanhu, nepo ivhu rekurima richiwanzova diki uye kumanikidzwa kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera. Mamiriro ekunze asingatarisirwi anogona kukonzera kuwanda kwezvipembenene, kuwedzera kupararira kwezvirwere, uye kuchinja mashandiro emasora. Panguva iyi, kutengeserana kwepasi rose nekufamba-famba zvinokurumidzisa kupinda kwezvipembenene zvinopinda munzvimbo itsva. Pasina dziviriro yakakodzera, zvipembenene zvinogona kuderedza goho rezvirimwa zvakanyanya, kuwedzera mari yekugadzira, uye kutyisidzira kugadzikana kwemari yevarimi.
Kudzivirirwa kwezvirimwa zvemazuva ano kunosimbisawo kuchengetedzeka. Kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvisina tsarukano kunogona kukonzera kusasimba kwemishonga, masara ari muzvigadzirwa zvekudya, kukuvara kwevavengi vechisikigo, kusvibiswa kwemvura nevhu, uye njodzi dzehutano kuvashandi nevatengi. Nokudaro, nzira dzemazuva ano dzinotarisa pasarudzo dzinotungamirirwa nedata uye misimboti yekudzora ine mutoro.
2. Pfungwa huru: Kutarisirwa Kwezvipembenene Kwakabatana (IPM)
Hwaro hwekudzivirira zvirimwa zvemazuva ano ndiIntegrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM inosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzora uye inosarudza matanho anoshanda zvakanyanya, akachengeteka, uye asingadhuri. Misimboti mikuru yeIPM inosanganisira:
1. Kudzivirira: kudzivirira matambudziko kubva pakutanga kuburikidza netsika dzakanaka dzekurima.
2. Kutarisa: kutarisa huwandu hwevanhu veOPT nemamiriro emiti nguva dzose.
3. Muganho wekutonga (muganho wezvehupfumi): matanho anotorwa kana njodzi yekurasikirwa kwehupfumi inopfuura mutengo wekutonga.
4. Nzira dzisiri dzemakemikari dzinonyanya kukosheswa: nzira dzezvebhayoloji, dzezvehunyanzvi, dzemakanika, uye dzepanyama dzinonyanya kukosheswa; nzira dzemakemikari ndiyo sarudzo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa nemazvo.
5. Kuongorora nekuvandudza: kuongorora mhedzisiro yezviito uye kugadzirisa hurongwa hwemwaka unotevera.
NeIPM, kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunova kwakachenjera: panguva chaiyo, pakakodzera, panguva chaiyo, uye nenzira chaiyo.
3. Kuzivikanwa kweOPT uye kuongororwa kwakarurama kwechirwere
Danho rekutanga mukudzivirira zvirimwa kuziva zvipembenene nemazvo. Kukundikana kukuru kwekutonga kunoitika nekuda kwekusaongororwa zvakanaka: zviratidzo zvekushaikwa kwezvinovaka muviri zvinofungidzirwa kuti chirwere, kukuvara kwemamiriro ekunze kunoonekwa sekunge zvipembenene zvinopararira, kana kuti zvinopesana.
– Zvipembenene: zvipembenene, zvikwekwe, nematodes, nedzimwe mhuka dzinokuvadza zvirimwa zvakananga.
– Zvirwere: zvinokonzerwa nefungi, mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, phytoplasmas, kana utachiona hunobva muvhu.
– Masora: zvirimwa zvinonetsa zvinokwikwidzana nemvura, chiedza, uye zvinovaka muviri.
Kudzivirirwa kwemazuva ano kunoenderana nekuongororwa kwemunda, kuteya (semuenzaniso, misungo yepheromone), uye kuongororwa kwerabhoritari (kuyedzwa nemicroscopic, kuumbwa kwezvirwere, uye PCR/ELISA yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana). Kuongororwa nekukurumidza uye kwakarurama, ndiko kunoshanda zvakanyanya.
4. Kudzivirira kuburikidza nekurima zvine hutano (tsika dzehunyanzvi)
Nzira yekudzidzisa tsika ndiyo "nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira" yakachipa uye inogara kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso:
– Mbeu dzine hutano uye dzakasimbiswa kudzivirira zvirwere zvinotakurwa nembeu.
- Kuchinjanisa zvirimwa kuti zviparadze kutenderera kwezvimwe zvipembenene/zvirwere, kunyanya zvipembenene zvinotapukira muvhu.
– Kuchenesa ivhu: kuchenesa zvasara zvezvirimwa zvine chirwere, sora rinogara, uye zvishandiso zvekurima.
- Kugadzirisa daro rekudyara uye mhepo inoyerera kuti hunyoro hunokonzera fungus huderere.
– Kuisa fetereza yakaringana: zvirimwa zvine "nitrogen" yakawanda zvakanyanya zvinowanzobatwa nezvipembenene zvakasiyana; kushomeka kwepotassium kunogonawo kuderedza simba rekudzivirira kwemuviri.
– Kutarisira mvura: kudiridza zvakanaka kunogona kuderedza kushushikana kwezvirimwa uye kudzivirira zvimwe zvirwere.
Muchidimbu, zvirimwa zvinokura zvakanaka zvinowanzokwanisa "kurarama" kana kupora kubva mukumanikidzwa kweOPT.
5. Kudzora zvinhu zvipenyu: kushandisa vavengi vechisikigo
Dziviriro yemazuva ano inonyanya kukoshesa zvinhu zvipenyu uye kuchengetedzwa kwevavengi vechisikigo. Vavengi vechisikigo vanosanganisira zvikara (semuenzaniso, zvipembere zvinodya mhuka), manyoka (parasitoids), uye zvipembenene zvinotapukira (semuenzaniso, fungi dzinokonzera entomopathogenic).
Mhando dzekudzora zvinhu zvipenyu dzinogona kuva:
– Kuchengetedza: kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzevavengi vezvisikwa, kuderedza mishonga yezvipembenene ine mativi akasiyana-siyana, kudyara refugia (miti inotumbuka) kuti ipe nekita/mukume.
– Kuwedzera: kusunungura vavengi vezvisikwa mumunda (semuenzaniso, zvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene).
– Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene: zvigadzirwa zvinobva patupukanana (Bacillus thuringiensis), fungi (Beauveria bassiana), kana zvinotorwa mumiti.
Zvakanakira zvezvinhu zvipenyu ndezvekuti zvine hushamwari kune nharaunda uye zvinobatsira kuderedza kusasimba kwesimba. Matambudziko ndeekuti mhedzisiro yazvo inowanzononoka, inoda mamiriro akakodzera enharaunda, uye inoda kutariswa kwakarongeka.
6. Kudzora kwemuchina uye kwemuviri
Nzira dzemuchina/dzemuviri dzinoramba dzichikosha, kunyanya padanho diki kusvika repakati uye kuti zviitwe nekukurumidza:
– Kubvisa sora nemaoko kana nemaoko.
– Misungo: mwenje, guruu, kana mapheromones ekuderedza kuwanda kwezvipembenene.
– Zvidziviriro zvemuviri: mambure ezvipembenene, mapurasitiki epurasitiki, kana dzimba dzekudzivirira.
– Kudzora tembiricha: kupiswa kwezuva kwevhu (kufukidza ivhu nepurasitiki inoonekera) kudzvinyirira utachiona nembeu dzemasora.
- Kuchekerera zvikamu zvakakanganiswa kudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere.
Kunyangwe zvingaita sezvechinyakare, nzira iyi chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro emazuva ano nekuti haina zvisaririra zvakawanda uye yakachengeteka.
7. Kusagona kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye tekinoroji yemajini
Mhando dzemhando dzisingarapiki inzira yekudzivirira inoshanda zvikuru nekuti dzinoshanda mwaka wese. Kubereka zvirimwa zvemazuva ano kunoburitsa mhando dzisingarapiki nezvirwere kana kuti dzinotsungirira zvipembenene zvakanyanya. Kuwedzera pakubereka kwetsika, dzimwe nyika dziri kushandisa biotechnology ne genetic engineering kugadzira dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira (semuenzaniso, majini ekudzivirira mavhairasi kana zvipembenene).
Zvisinei, kuramba mhando dzemiti hakusi mhinduro imwe chete. Zvipembenene zvinogona kuchinja, saka kutonga kuramba mhando dzemiti kunokosha: kuchinjanisa mhando dzemiti, kushandisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti dzine majini akasiyana ekudzivirira, uye kuramba uchishandisa IPM kuti pave nekumanikidzwa kwakaderera kwekusarudza.
8. Kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvine hungwaru
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ichiri chinhu chakakosha, kunyanya kana zvipembenene zvakawanda uye kurasikirwa kwegoho kwakanyanya. Dziviriro yemazuva ano inoda musimboti wekuti "zvakanaka":
- Pachinangwa chaicho: sarudza zvinhu zvinoshanda zvichienderana neOPT uye hupenyu hwayo.
– Chipimo chakakodzera uye kuyera kwakakodzera: tevera zvakanyorwa zviri pamutemo uye mazano.
- Nenguva: zvichibva pamatanho ekutarisa nekudzora, kwete purogiramu chete.
- Nzira chaiyo yekushandisa: kuongorora maturusi ekupfapfaidza, huwandu hwakakwana hwekupfapfaidza, uye dziviriro yemushandisi.
– Kutenderera kwemaitiro ekuita: kudzivirira kusasimba kwemuviri, usadzokorora zvinhu zvinoshanda zvine maitiro akafanana ekuita nguva dzose.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kutarisisa nguva yekukohwa isati yasvika (PHI) uye miganhu yepamusoro yezvisaririra (MRL) kuitira kuti goho rive rakachengeteka kudyiwa uye rinosangana nezvinodiwa pamusika.
9. Kurima nemazvo uye kushandisa dhijitari kuchengetedza zvirimwa
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoratidza "mazuva ano" kushandiswa kwedata netekinoroji. Iye zvino varimi nenyanzvi dzezvekurima vanogona kushandisa:
– Masensa nenzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze kuti zvifanotaura njodzi yezvirwere (zvichienderana nehunyoro, tembiricha uye mvura inonaya).
– Madhironi ekuyera hutachiona uye mafirita ane nzvimbo yakanangwa.
- Mifananidzo yesatellite yekuona kushushikana kwemiti nekukurumidza.
- Kunyora mashandisirwo ekushandisa nhoroondo yekurwiswa kwemiti, kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, uye kuongororwa kwemwaka wekudyara.
Nehunyanzvi uhu, kutonga kunova kwakanyatsojeka, zvichideredza marara ekushandisa uye zvichideredza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
10. Mhedziso: kubatanidzwa ndicho chinhu chakakosha
Nheyo dzekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa zvemazuva ano dziri pakubatanidzwa: kudzivirira, kutarisa, kusarudzwa kwenzira dzakachengeteka uye dzinoshanda zvakanyanya, uye kuongororwa kunoramba kuripo. IPM inoshanda senzira huru inobatanidza tsika dzehunyanzvi, dzebhayoloji, uye dzemakanika, mhando dzinotsungirira, tekinoroji yedhijitari, uye kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvine hungwaru. Nenzira iyi, kurima kunogona kuburitsa goho repamusoro uku kuchichengetedza hutano hwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza vashandi, uye kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi zvekudya zvakachengeteka.
Pakupedzisira, kuchengetedza zvirimwa zvemazuva ano hakusi chinhu chimwe chete kana nzira imwe chete, asi inzira yekufunga: kutarisira agroecosystems nekuchenjera, zvichibva pasainzi, uye nekutarisira kuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
