Maitiro Ekugadzira uye Kugadzira Mhangura yeCopper
Mhangura (Cu) ndeimwe yesimbi dzakakosha muhupenyu hwemazuva ano. Kufambiswa kwayo nemagetsi nekupisa, kuramba ngura, uye kuchinjika kunoita kuti mhangura ive chinhu chakakosha pakushandisa tambo dzemagetsi, zvikamu zvemagetsi, mapaipi, uye kunyange simba rinogona kushandiswazve zvinhu zvemaindasitiri zvakaita sema solar panels nema wind turbines. Zvisinei, isati yava chigadzirwa chekupedzisira, mhangura inofanira kupfuura nematanho akawanda, kubva pakuchera nekugadzira simbi kusvika pakunatswa nekuumbwa kuita ma cathode kana mamwe maitiro ekutengeserana. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura maitiro ese ekugadzira nekugadzira mhangura, pamwe nezvinangwa nemisimboti yekushanda padanho rega rega.
1. Kutsvaga nekuchera matombo emhangura
Danho rekutanga rinotanga nekutsvaga kuti uwane marara emhangura anogona kushandiswa zvakanaka. Mabasa ekutsvaga anosanganisira kugadzira mapu ezve geology, kuongorora zve geophysical uye geochemical, uye kuchera core kuti uone giredhi, kugoverwa kwezvicherwa, uye huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa. Kana chidzidzo chekuita uye mvumo zvawanikwa, kuchera kunoitwa uchishandisa nzira mbiri huru:
1. Kuchera gomba rakavhurika: kunoshandiswa panzvimbo dzakachengetwa mhangura dziri pedyo nepamusoro, dzakadai semhangura yeporphyry. Nzira iyi inonyanya kuburitsa mhangura pasi rose nekuti nzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzakakura kunyangwe giredhi resimbi rinowanzova rakaderera.
2. Kuchera pasi pevhu: kunoiswa kana nzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzakadzika kana kuti mamiriro enzvimbo asingabvumidze kuchera pachena.
Matombo akacherwa anowanzo kuve nemaminerari emhangura akadai sechalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), chalcocite (Cu₂S), uye maminerari eoxide akadai semalachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) uye azurite. Kuwedzera kune mhangura, matongo anowanzo kuve netsvina kana maminerari ane chekuita nawo akadai sesimbi, sarufa, silica, goridhe, sirivha, uye molybdenum.
2. Kupwanya uye Kukuya
Matombo akacherwa akakura saka anoda kupwanywa kuti aparadzanise zvicherwa zvemhangura negangue. Maitiro aya anosanganisira matanho maviri:
– Kupwanya: kushandisa chikweshe chejaw crusher, chikweshe checone, kana chikweshe chegyratory kuderedza saizi yedombo kusvika pamasendimita akati wandei.
– Kukuya: kushandisa chigayo chebhora kana chigayo cheSAG kugadzira zvidimbu zvakatetepa, kazhinji zvinosvika makumi kusvika mazana ema micrometer muhukuru.
Chinangwa chikuru chedanho iri ndechekuburitsa zvicherwa zvemhangura kubva mumatombo. Mwero wekusunungurwa kwakakosha kuti maitiro ekuparadzanisa anotevera abudirire.
3. Kuwanda kweMatombo: Kudzika (KwemaMatombo eSulfide)
Pamaore emhangura ane sulfide, nzira inonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekudonha furo. Mukuita uku, slurry yemhangura yakapfava inosanganiswa nemvura nemamwe ma reagents emakemikari:
– Muunganidzi: inogadzira pamusoro pemhangura ine mineral inonyungudika kuitira kuti inamire zviri nyore kumabubble emhepo.
– Frother: inoita furo rakagadzikana.
– Zvinogadzirisa (zvinoita kuti pave nekuora mwoyo, zvinoderedza kushushikana, zvinodzora pH): zvinowedzera kusarudza kupatsanurwa.
Mhepo inofemerwa musero remvura inoyangarara, zvichiita kuti zvicherwa zvemhangura zvinamire pamabhurumu zvokwira pamusoro sefuro, uko zvinounganidzwa semhangura. Zvinhu zvisiri zvemhangura zvinoraswa semasaya.
Musanganiswa wacho unowanzova ne20–35% Cu, wakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura dombo rekutanga iro rinogona kuva 0,4–1% Cu mune mimwe migodhi yeporphyry.
4. Kugadziriswa kweHydrometallurgical (YeOxide Ores)
Masimbi eCopper oxide haawanzogadziriswa zvakanaka ne sulfide flotation. Saka, nzira dze hydrometallurgical dzakadai se:
1. Kubvisa tsvina: matombo kana zvinhu zvakapwanywa zvinounganidzwa (kuburitsa tsvina yakawanda) uye zvinodururwa nesulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Mhangura inonyungudika kuita ma Cu²⁺ ions ari musanganiswa we leach une mimba.
2. Kubvisa zvinonyungudutsa (SX): kupatsanura nekuchenesa Cu²⁺ kubva mumushonga une leach uchishandisa zvinonyungudutsa zve organic.
3. Kukunda nemagetsi (EW): kuisa mhangura yakachena pa cathode kuburikidza nemagetsi, zvichigadzira cathode yemhangura yakachena kwazvo.
Nzira yeSX-EW yakakurumbira zvikuru nekuti inogona kugadzira ma cathode zvakananga isina kunyunguduka, kunyanya kune ma oxide ores asina giredhi rakawanda.
5. Kunyungudutsa kweCopper Concentrate
Pazvinhu zvine sulfide concentrates, danho rinotevera ipyrometallurgy. Chinhu chinoomeswa chobva chanyungudutswa muchoto (semuenzaniso, flash smelter kana reverberatory furnace). Munguva yekunyungudutswa, kupatsanurwa kunoitika muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru:
– Matte: musanganiswa we copper ne iron sulfides, une inenge 45–70% Cu.
– Slag: ine ma oxides uye silicates kubva mutsvina yakaita se silica, iron, nezvimwe zvicherwa.
Kusangana kwemakemikari panguva yekunyungudutsa kunogadzirawo magasi ane SO₂ yakawanda. Munzvimbo dzemazuva ano, SO₂ inobatwa yogadziriswa kuita sulfuric acid, zvichideredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kugadzira chimwe chinhu chinokosha.
6. Kushandura kuita Blister Copper
Matte inobva mumuchina wekunyungudutsa inozogadziriswa muchina wekuchinjisa (semuenzaniso, Pierce-Smith converter). Mhepo kana okisijeni zvinofuridzirwa mukati kuti zvioxidize iron sulfide nesarufa:
– Iron inosanganiswa neFeO2 uye yobva yapinda mutsvina.
– Sarufa inosanganiswa kuita SO₂.
Mhedzisiro yacho imhangura ine blister ine kuchena kweinenge 98–99% Cu. Inonzi "blister" nekuti pamusoro payo panowanzoita sepaine maburi nekuda kwekuburitswa kwemagasi panguva yekushanda kwayo.
7. Kuchenesa: Kuchenesa Moto uye Kuchenesa Magetsi
Kunyangwe huwandu hwemhangura mu blister hwakakwira, kuchine tsvina yakaita seFe, S, Ni, As, Sb, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd) zvinoda kubviswa. Kuchenesa kunoitwa mumatanho maviri:
1. Kuchenesa moto: kutanga kunatswa muchoto kuderedza okisijeni nezvimwe zvinhu zvisina kuchena, zvichigadzira anode yemhangura yakaita seplate.
2. Kuchenesa electrorefining: anode inonyungudutswa neelectrolytically mu copper sulfate solution. Pure copper inodonha pa cathode se cathode copper ine kuchena kwe99,99%.
Tsvina huru dzakadai segoridhe nesirivha hadzinyungudike uye dzinozobuda seanode slime, iyo inozogadziriswazve kuti iwane simbi dzinokosha. Ndokusaka indasitiri yemhangura ichiwanzogadzirawo goridhe nesirivha sezvimwe zvinhu.
8. Kudhinda uye Chigadzirwa Chekupedzisira
Ma cathode emhangura anogona kutengeswa zvakananga sezvinhu zvepasi rose (semuenzaniso LME Grade A) kana kugadziriswa kuita mamwe marudzi:
- Chishandiso chewaya chetambo dzemagetsi,
- mapaipi emhangura ekugadzira mapaipi uye HVAC,
- machira/maplate eindasitiri yekugadzira,
– alloys dzakadai sendarira (Cu-Zn) uye bhuronzi (Cu-Sn).
Danho iri rekugadzira rinowanzoitwa mufekitori inomonereka, inoburitsa, kana kuti inodhirowa waya, zvichienderana nechigadzirwa chaunoda.
9. Kutarisirwa kweZvakatipoteredza uye Marara
Maitiro ekugadzirisa simbi dzemhangura anokonzera kusvibiswa kwemhangura, tsvina, uye kuburitswa kwemhepo. Saka, zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvakakosha:
– Miswe inochengetwa mumadhamu emuswe ichitariswa kugadzikana uye kunaka kwemvura.
– Mvura inoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu inowanzo shandiswazve kuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura yakachena.
– SO₂ inobva muchina wekunyungudutsa mvura inotorwa kuti igadzire sulfuric acid.
- Kudzorerwa kwevhu kunoitwa mushure mekunge kuchera kwapera.
Mitemo yemazuva ano yezvakatipoteredza inoda kuderedzwa kwekuburitswa kweguruva, kushandiswa kwesimba zviri nani, uye kubata zvakachengeteka makemikari akadai sesulfuric acid.
Mhedziso
Maitiro ekugadzira mhangura kubva mumatombo anosanganisira nzira yakaoma yetekinoroji: kutanga nekuchera, kupwanya nekukuya, kupatsanurwa kwezvicherwa kuburikidza nekuyangarara kana kuburitsa, uye wozochenesa kuburikidza nekushandura-kunyungudutsa kana SX-EW, kugadzira macathode emhangura emhando yepamusoro. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yekushanda kunoenderana zvakanyanya nerudzi rwematombo (sulfide kana oxide), huwandu hwemhangura, pamwe nekufunga nezvehupfumi nezvakatipoteredza. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita kudiwa kwemagetsi pasi rose, mota dzemagetsi, uye simba rinogona kushandiswazve, kugadzirwa kwemhangura kunoshanda uye kunogara kwenguva refu kwakakosha mukukura kweindasitiri mune ramangwana.
