Kukura kweDzidziso yeKushanduka-shanduka
Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndeimwe yedzidziso dzesainzi dzakakosha uye dzine simba munhoroondo yesainzi. Kubva payakatangwa naCharles Darwin muzana remakore rechi19, dzidziso iyi yave ichivandudzwa kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakawanikwa zvitsva. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kukura kwedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, kubva papfungwa yayo yekutanga kusvika pakuongorora kwemazuva ano kunotsigirwa netekinoroji yepamusoro.
Kutanga kweKufunga kweKushanduka-shanduka
Pfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu yaivapo kare kare Darwin asati aburitsa bhuku rake rakakurumbira, On the Origin of Species, muna 1859. Mupfungwa dzekare dzechisikigo dzechiGiriki, Anaximander akaburitsa pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvinogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yekutanga yaive yekufungidzira uye yepfungwa kupfuura yesainzi.
Zvakatozosvika muzana remakore rechi18 apo masayendisiti akaita saPierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis naErasmus Darwin (sekuru vaCharles Darwin) vakatanga kufunga nezve mukana wekuchinja mukati memarudzi ezvisikwa. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, nyanzvi yezvezvisikwa yekuFrance, akataurawo dzidziso yekuti zvipenyu zvinogona kupfuudza hunhu hwazvinowana muhupenyu hwazvo kuvana vazvo—pfungwa yava kuzivikanwa senhaka yehunhu hwazvinowana. Kunyangwe zvakaratidzwa kuti hazvina kururama, pfungwa dzake dzakabatsira kuvhura hurukuro yesainzi pamusoro pekuchinja kwemarudzi.
Kuchinja kweParadigm naCharles Darwin
Kubudirira kukuru kwakauya apo Charles Darwin akagadzira pfungwa yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo senzira yekushanduka-shanduka. Munguva yerwendo rwake rwemakore mashanu paHMS Beagle, kunyanya zvaakacherechedza muGalapagos Islands, Darwin akaunganidza ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pekusiyana kwemarudzi akafanana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Mubhuku rake rinonzi On the Origin of Species, Darwin akatsanangura kuti zvinhu zvipenyu hazvichinji. Zvinochinja uye zvinochinjika kune nharaunda yazvo kuburikidza nemaitiro ekusarudzwa kwechisikigo—vanhu vane hunhu hwakanaka vane mukana wakakura wekurarama nekubereka.
Pfungwa dzaDarwin dzakatsigirwawo naAlfred Russel Wallace, nyanzvi yezvisikwa yeChirungu uyo akazvimiririra akatanga dzidziso yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Kubatanidzwa kwepfungwa idzi mbiri kwakaratidza pfungwa yakakosha mubiology, ichichinja pfungwa kubva pakuona zvinhu zvipenyu zvisingachinji kuenda pakunzwisisa kuti hupenyu hunoshanduka uye hunogara huchichinja.
Nguva yePost-Darwinian uye Kugadzirwa Kwemazuva Ano
Mushure mekuburitswa kwedzidziso yaDarwin, masayendisiti mazhinji akabvuma pfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka, asi nzira dzekugara nhaka dzakaramba dzisina kujeka. Kuwanikwa kwaGregor Mendel kwemitemo yekugara nhaka muna 1865, iyo isina kunyatsonzwisiswa kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kwakaita basa guru mukutsanangura kuti hunhu hunogarwa nhaka sei.
Imwe shanduko huru yakaitika muma1930 nema1940 nekubuda kweModern Synthesis, chikamu umo pfungwa dzaDarwin nedzaMendelian dzakabatanidzwa. Masayendisiti akadai saRonald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, naSewall Wright vakaita basa guru mukuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa uku. Modern Synthesis yakaratidza kuti natural selection, pamwe chete nekuchinja kwemajini, kuyerera kwemajini, uye kusanganiswa kwezvemakemikari, ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinotungamira kushanduka-shanduka.
Kufambira Mberi muMolecular Biology
Kufambira mberi mu biology yemamorekuru, kunyanya mushure mekunge James Watson naFrancis Crick vawana chimiro cheDNA muna 1953, kwakasimbisa hwaro hwedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka. Kuwanikwa kweDNA kwakapa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti ruzivo rwemajini runopfuudzwa sei kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe uye kuti kuchinja kunogona sei kukanganisa kushanduka kwemamorekuru.
Mumakumi emakore akatevera, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yeDNA sequencing kwakawedzera ruzivo rwedu rwekushanduka-shanduka. Zvidzidzo zvemamorekuru phylogenetic zvakapa nzwisiso itsva muhukama hwekushanduka-shanduka pakati pemarudzi, zvichigadzira nzira yekuti masayendisiti akwanise kunyora mifananidzo yemuti wehupenyu nemazvo.
Maitiro eNeo-Darwinian uye Kupfuura
Munguva yazvino, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inoramba ichichinja nekushandiswa kwepfungwa dzinobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai se epigenetics uye evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology). Semuenzaniso, epigenetics inoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kwemakemikari kuDNA kunokanganisa kutaura kwemajini kunogona kugarwa nhaka pasina shanduko muDNA sequence pachayo. Izvi zvinowedzera divi idzva mukunzwisisa kwedu mashandiro ekugara nhaka nekushanduka-shanduka.
Evo-devo inoongorora kuti maitiro ekukura kwezvinhu zvipenyu anopesvedzerwa sei nekushanduka-shanduka, ichinyanya kutarisa pakuchinja kwemajini kune mhedzisiro yakakosha pachimiro chemuviri. Zvakawanikwa mu evo-devo zvinobatsira kutsanangura mavambo ekusiyana-siyana kwezvisikwa zvatinoona.
Basa reTekinoroji Nematambudziko Eramangwana
Matekinoroji emazuva ano epamusoro, akadai sekugadzirisa majini kuburikidza neCRISPR uye kuongorora kwekombuta nekukurumidza, zvinovhura mikana mitsva yekuongorora shanduko zvakadzama. Masayendisiti anogona kuita kuyedza murabhoritari kuti vaone kuti kumanikidzwa kwekusarudza kwakasiyana kunogona sei kutungamira shanduko munguva chaiyo. Zvishandiso zvemakomputa, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogonesa kuvaka patsva mamodheru akaomarara ekushanduka-shanduka uye kutevedzera maitiro ehupenyu.
Zvisinei, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko, mune zvesainzi uye mumagariro evanhu. Nyanzvi dzinoramba dzichiedza kunzwisisa zvakawanda nezvemarudzi akatsakatika, kuwanikwa kwezvisaririra zvitsva, uye kuti kuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose kunopesvedzera sei kushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu. Panguva iyi, nharo pamusoro pekugamuchirwa kwevanhu uye kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwepfungwa dzekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, senge mumamiriro ezvinhu ekare eugenics, dzinoratidza kukosha kwekudzidziswa kwakakodzera uye kuparadzirwa kwedzidziso iyi.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yafambira mberi zvikuru kubva payakatanga. Kubva pakufungidzira kwefilosofi kusvika pakuva chinhu chikuru chebhayoloji yemazuva ano, shanduko inopa hwaro hwemamwe mativi akawanda, akadai se ecology, genetics, uye paleontology. Nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuwanikwa kutsva, dzidziso iyi inoramba ichivandudzwa. Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwedzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka hakungopi chete nzwisiso yekwakabva hupenyu asiwo kunotitungamira mukutarisana nematambudziko emunguva yemberi ezvakatipoteredza uye ezvipenyu. Seimwe yedzidziso dzesainzi dzine simba uye dzakakwana, shanduko ichiri nyaya yekuda kuziva uye kuwanikwa kutsva.
