Kuwanikwa kweNyukireya yeAtomu
Nhoroondo nekukura kwesainzi rwendo rurefu runowanzo sanganisira kushanda nesimba, kufunga kwakangwara, uye kuyedza kwakasimba. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabudirira mufizikisi nekemesitiri kwaive kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungochinja chete manzwisisiro atinoita zvinhu asi kwakagadzirawo nzira yekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakashandura nyika.
Kutanga kweAtomu Pfungwa
Pfungwa yekuvapo kwezvikamu zvisingaparadzaniseki zvagara zviripo kubvira kare. Muzivi wechiGiriki Democritus ndiye mumwe wevakatanga kupa pfungwa ye "atomos," zvichireva kuti "zvisingaparadzaniseki." Aitenda kuti zvese zviri muchadenga zvaive nezvikamu zvidiki zvisingaparadzaniseki. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yaive yepfungwa kupfuura yesainzi, sezvo pakanga pasina humbowo hwekuedza hunoitsigira panguva iyoyo.
Nguva Yemazuva Ano uye Muenzaniso weAtomu waDalton
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, musayendisiti wekuEngland John Dalton akavandudza pfungwa yeatomu nedzidziso yake yeatomu. Dalton akataura kuti zvinhu zvinoumbwa nemaatomu akasiyana nechinhu chimwe nechimwe uye kuti maitiro emakemikari kungori kurongwazve kwemaatomu aya. Kunyangwe dzidziso yake yaive nyore, Dalton akanga asina ruzivo rwemaumbirwo emukati memaatomu.
Kuwanikwa kweElectrons nePlum Pudding Model
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuBritain J.J. Thomson yakawana maerekitironi kuburikidza nekuyedza kwechubhu ye cathode ray. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza kuti maatomu akanga asiri zvidimbu zvidiki, asi akaumbwa nezvidimbu zvidiki kunyange. Thomson akabva ataura nezve "plum pudding" model, umo maerekitironi aiparadzirwa mukati me "pudding" ine chaji yakanaka, ichiumba chimiro cheatomu.
Kuedza kwaGeiger-Marsden uye Rutherford Model
Zvisinei, modhi yeplum pudding haina kugara kwenguva refu. Muna 1909, masayendisiti maviri echidiki, Hans Geiger naErnest Marsden, vachitungamirirwa naErnest Rutherford, vakaita ongororo inokosha inozivikanwa seye alpha scattering experiment. Mukuyedza uku, vakapfura alpha particles (helium nuclei) papepa regoridhe rakatetepa ndokuona kona iyo zvidimbu zvacho zvakapararira nayo.
Zvichienderana nemuenzaniso weplum pudding, zvidimbu zvealpha zvaitarisirwa kupfuura nepakati pegold foil zvisina kupararira zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yazvo yaishamisa. Chikamu chidiki chezvidimbu zvealpha chakadzokera shure, zvichiratidza kuti paive nechimwe chinhu chidiki asi chakakora mukati meatomu.
Muenzaniso weAtomu waRutherford
Zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, muna 1911, Rutherford akakurudzira modhi itsva yeatomu. Zvichienderana nemodhi iyi, atomu ine nucleus diki, ine positive charge pakati payo, ine inenge huremu hwese hweatomu, nepo maerekitironi ane negative charge achitenderera nucleus semapuraneti anotenderera zuva. Kuwanikwa uku kwaive danho guru mukunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu.
Mupiro waNiels Bohr uye Muenzaniso waBohr
Kunyangwe modhi yaRutherford yaive yechinjo huru, yakakundikana kutsanangura kugadzikana kwemaatomu kana maspectra awo emutsara. Izvi zvakagadziriswa naNiels Bohr muna 1913 nemodhi yake yeBohr yeatomu. Mumodhi iyi, Bohr akabatanidza pfungwa dzaMax Planck dzequantum nedzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yequantum yemaphoton. Bohr akataura kuti maerekitironi anogona kungotenderera chete padaro rakati kubva kunucleus, uye kuti simba rine chekuita neaya maorbit iquantum. Sezvo maerekitironi achisvetuka kubva kuorbit imwe kuenda kune imwe, maerekitironi esimba rakati anoburitswa kana kunyudzwa, zvichitsanangura spectrum yemutsara weatomu yehydrogen.
Kuwanikwa kweNeutron naJames Chadwick
Zvadaro, muna 1932, James Chadwick akawana neutron, chinhu chisina kusimba icho, pamwe chete nemaproton, zvinoumba atomic nucleus. Kuwanikwa kweneutron kwakasimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu kuvapo kwema isotopes; zvimwe zvinhu zvine shanduro dzakasiyana dzine nhamba dzakasiyana dzema neutron asi nhamba imwe chete yema proton.
Migumisiro Yekuwanikwa kweAtomic Nucleus
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu kwakachinja nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesainzi netekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaumbirwo eatomu kwakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwequantum mechanics, iyo inotsigira matekinoroji emazuva ano akadai semakombiyuta, nharembozha, uye zvishandiso zvekurapa.
Uyezve, kuwanikwa uku kwakabatsirawo zvikuru muchikamu chesimba. Kunzwisisa mashandiro enyukireya—maitiro ane chekuita nemanyuchi eatomu—kwakatungamira mukugadzirwa kwezviteshi zvesimba renyukireya nemabhomba eatomu. Kunyange zvazvo zvichikakavadzana, tekinoroji iyi yakaratidza kugona kukuru kwesimba rakavanzika mukati menyuchi eatomu.
Migumisiro yetsika uye yemagariro evanhu
Zvisinei, izvi zvinounza zvinopfuura kungobatsira chete. Kuwanikwa nekushandiswa kwesimba renyukireya kwakatidzidzisa nezvesimba rinoparadza rinogonawo kuunza. Njodzi dzekubhomba kweatomu kuHiroshima neNagasaki panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, pamwe netsaona dzenyukireya dzakadai seChernobyl neFukushima, zvinotiyeuchidza nezvekukosha kwekutarisira, kurongeka, uye tsika mukushandiswa kwetekinoroji yenyukireya.
Mhedziso: Pesvedzero paSainzi Dzemamwe
Nekuwanikwa kwenucleus yeatomu, sainzi yakachinja zvinoshamisa. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungokanganisa fizikisi nekemesitiri chete asiwo kwakavhura mapazi matsva esainzi, anosanganisira particle physics, nuclear chemistry, uye molecular biology. Masayendisiti anogona kudzidza zvinhu zvakadzama, achivhura zvinhu zvitsva muminda yakasiyana-siyana kubva kuhutano kusvika kune tekinoroji yezvinhu.
Kuwanikwa kwenucleus yemaatomu kwakaratidza kushamisa kwezvose zvakasikwa uye kugona kwevanhu kunzwisisa nekushandisa. Pasinei nerwendo rwayo rwakaoma, kuwanikwa uku kuchiri chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru munhoroondo yesainzi, zvichitiswededza pakunzwisisa nheyo dzezvinhu nesimba zvinoumba nyika yedu.
