Nzira Yokunzwisisa Nautical Coordinate System
Kunzwisisa hurongwa hwegungwa hunokosha kune vafambisi vechikepe, vabati vehove, vanonyura mumvura, vaongorori vegungwa, uye chero ani zvake anobatanidzwa mumabasa emvura. Pakati penzvimbo yakaita seyakafanana yegungwa, hurongwa hunoratidza nzvimbo yakavimbika. Pasina hurongwa hwegungwa, kuziva nzvimbo yechikepe, kuronga nzira yekufamba nechikepe, kuwana nzvimbo dzekuredza hove, kana kuisa chiratidzo panzvimbo dzekunyura kwaizova kwakaoma zvikuru. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru dzehurongwa hwegungwa, maitiro ekuhuverenga, uye mashandisirwo ahwo chaiwo.
1. Sei System Inorongeka Ichidiwa Mugungwa?
Panyika, vanhu vanovimba nezviratidzo zvinoonekwa: migwagwa, zvivakwa, makomo, kana miganhu. Mugungwa, zviratidzo zvakadaro hazviwanzoitiki. Ngarava dzinogona kuva makiromita makumi maviri kubva kumahombekombe, saka kuvimba chete nemhepo nepfungwa zvinongoerekana zvaita kuti pave nenjodzi. Sisitimu yekuwirirana inobvumira nzvimbo yega yega pamusoro pePasi kuti ive ne "kero" inogona kutumidzwa zita, kutsvaga, kugoveranwa, uye kudzokororwa.
Kunze kwekufamba, macoordinates anoshandiswawo pa:
- Kushuma nezvenzvimbo dzekukurumidzira (semuenzaniso mafoni eSOS).
– Kuratidza nzvimbo yezvinhu (zvishandiso zvekuredza, ngarava dzakaputsika, matombo ekorari).
- Kuyera nekugadzira mepu (ongororo dzemvura inoyerera mumvura, tsvakurudzo yemvura yegungwa).
- Zvinodiwa zvepamutemo nekutonga (miganhu yegungwa, nzvimbo dzehupfumi dzakasarudzwa).
2. Nheyo dzeSisitimu yeKubatanidza: Latitude neLongitude
Sisitimu yekuronga mafambiro egungwa inoshandisa sisitimu yekuronga mafambiro enzvimbo, kureva latitude nelongitude.
a) Latitude
Latitude inoratidza nzvimbo iri pakati pekuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kana tichienzanisa neEquator.
– Hunhu hweLatitude hunotangira pa0° paEquator kusvika pa90° paNorth Pole (N) kana 90° paSouth Pole (S).
– Yakanyorwa seizvi: 6° LS (South Latitude) kana 5° LU (North Latitude).
b) Kureba
Longitude inoratidza nzvimbo iri pakati pemabvazuva nekumadokero kana tichienzanisa nePrime Meridian inopfuura nemuGreenwich, England.
- Hunhu hweLongitude hunotangira pa0° kusvika 180° East Longitude (BT) kana 180° West Longitude (BB).
– Muenzaniso: 106° Kumabvazuva Longitude.
Latitude nelongitude, kana zvabatanidzwa, zvinoumba nzvimbo yakasiyana yekuwirirana. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo inogona kutsanangurwa se: 6°12′ S, 106°49′ E.
3. Zviyero Zvinoshandiswa: Dhigirii, Maminetsi, uye Masekondi
Ma "geographic coordinates" anogona kunyorwa mu "formats" dzakasiyana-siyana. Ma "formats" matatu anonyanya kushandiswa ndeaya:
1. DMS (Madhigirii, Maminetsi, Masekondi)
Muenzaniso: 6° 12′ 30″ S
2. DM (Madhigirii neMaminiti eDecimal)
Muenzaniso: 6° 12.500′ S
3. DD (Madhigirii eDecimal)
Muenzaniso: -6.20833°
Tsananguro pfupi:
– Dhigirii 1 (°) = maminitsi makumi matanhatu (')
– miniti imwe (') = masekondi makumi matanhatu (“)
Kushandura kunoshanda:
– DMS → DD: madhigirii + (maminitsi/60) + (masekondi/3600), wobva wapa chiratidzo chekusaratidza kuti pane latitude yekumaodzanyemba kana kuti longitude yekumadokero.
– DM → DD: madhigirii + (maminitsi edesimali/60).
Muzvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvekufambisa, mafomati eDM neDD anowanzo shandiswa nekuti ari nyore kugadzirisa nedhijitari. Zvisinei, machati egungwa echinyakare nemabhuku mazhinji ekutungamira achiri kushandisa DMS kana DM.
4. Kunzwisisa Machati Egungwa
Machati egungwa akasiyana nemamepu epasi akajairwa. Kuwedzera kumahombekombe, machati egungwa anoratidza:
– Kudzika kwegungwa (kunzwika kwenzwi).
– Magadzirirwo emadziro ekudzika (isobaths).
– Makorari, migero yejecha, zvipingamupinyi zvekufamba.
– Mabhekoni, mabhuoy, mwenje yechiedza nezviratidzo.
- Nzira dzekutakura zvinhu nenzvimbo dzakarambidzwa.
Pamachati egungwa, chikero che latitude chinowanzoonekwa kuruboshwe nekurudyi, ukuwo chikero che longitude chinoratidzwa kumusoro nekuzasi. Maitiro ekuverenga ma coordinates pachati yegungwa:
1. Tsvaga nzvimbo yaunoda.
2. Verenga latitude uchitaura nezve vertical scale (kazhinji iri kumucheto wekuruboshwe/kurudyi).
3. Verenga longitude uchitaura nezvechiyero chakatarwa (kazhinji chiri pamusoro/pasi).
4. Shandisa zvinhu zvinobatsira (ruler dzekufamba, dividers, kana plotter) kuti uwane kururama.
Panyaya iyi, kana ukaverenga maminiti nemafractions nokungwarira, ndipo paunowana nzvimbo chaiyo.
5. Hukama huripo pakati pemakoroniti nemayuniti ekureba pagungwa
Mugungwa, daro rinowanzo ratidzwa mumakiromita egungwa (NM).
– 1 mamaira egungwa ≈ 1,852 km
- Sekureva kwetsanangudzo, miniti imwe ye latitude = 1 nautical mile.
Izvi zvinobatsira zvikuru pakufamba. Semuenzaniso, kana uchifamba kwemaminitsi gumi kubva ku latitude kuenda kuchamhembe, unenge wafamba makiromita angangoita gumi egungwa (chero bedzi divi riri kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba). Kune longitude, daro paminiti ye longitude rinoshanduka ne latitude nekuti mitsetse ye longitude inoswedera pedyo ne poles.
6. Sisitimu yeDatum Reference: Sei Zvinzvimbo Zvichigona Kusiyana?
Chimwe chinhu chinowanzo vhiringidza i datum. Datum imhando yemasvomhu yePasi inoshandiswa sereferensi. Ma datum maviri akafanana ndeaya:
– WGS84 (inonyanya kushandiswa muGPS yemazuva ano).
– Mamwe madhatamu emunharaunda (mamepu ekare kana mamwe mamepu ehydro-oceanographic).
Kana ukashandisa GPS coordinates (WGS84) asi woironga pamepu ine datum yakasiyana pasina kugadzirisa, nzvimbo yako inogona kuchinja makumi kuita mazana emamita. Paunenge uchifamba pedyo nematombo egungwa kana nzira dzakamanikana, musiyano uyu unogona kuva nengozi.
Mukuita:
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti datamu iri paGPS/plotter yakafanana nedatamu iri pamepu.
- Kana zvisiri zvakafanana, shandisa zvigadziriso zvinowanzo nyorwa mumepu legend kana magadzirirwo ezvishandiso.
7. Mashandisirwo eGPS nePlotter paMarine Coordinates
Chishandiso cheGPS/Chartplotter chinoratidza:
- Makoroniti e latitude-longitude panguva chaiyo.
- Kumhanya, nzira, uye nzira.
- Nzvimbo dzekufamba netsoka uye nzira.
Matanho ekushandisa:
1. Iva nechokwadi chekuti marongero efomati ye coordinate (DMS/DM/DD) anoenderana nezvinodiwa.
2. Simbisa dhatamu (kazhinji WGS84).
3. Chengetedza zvinhu zvakakosha senzvimbo dzekushandisa (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yemidziyo yekubatanidza hove kana nzvimbo dzekuredza hove).
4. Gadzira nzira kubva panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzoka kwerwendo.
5. Pakugovera nzvimbo, ndapota taurai mafomati nedata kuitira kuti mugamuchiri asaite chikanganiso pakuronga.
Muenzaniso wekugovaniswa kwakakodzera kwehurongwa:
"Nzvimbo yekufamba nayo: 6°12.500′ S, 106°49.200′ E, WGS84 datum, DM format."
8. Zvikanganiso Zvinowanzoitika Pakuverenga Kunoronga
Zvimwe zvikanganiso zvakajairika:
– Yakachinjaniswa LU/LS kana BT/BB.
– Mafomati asiriwo: kukanganisa 6°12.500' se6°12'50”.
– Ndakanganwa kufananidza dhatamu.
- Kutenderedza nhamba zvakanyanya zvekuti nzvimbo yacho haishande zvakanaka.
- Kufunga "maminitsi" kwakaenzana ne "nautical mamaira" e longitude pa latitude dzese (kunyangwe zvichichinja).
Kuti udzivise izvi, ita tsika yekunyora pasi ma coordinates ese, kusanganisira ma degree-minute-seconds akajeka kana ma decimal symbols.
9. Maitiro Ari Nyore Ekunzwisisa Nokukurumidza
Kuti usimbise kunzwisisa kwako, ita maekisesaizi anotevera:
1. Tora coordinate imwe kubva kuGPS yefoni yako.
2. Chinja fomati: kubva kuDD kuenda kuDM kana DMS.
3. Tsvaga poindi yacho pamepu yedhijitari (semuenzaniso chati yegungwa kana app yekufamba).
4. Enzanisa mhedzisiro yacho uye tarisa kana nzvimbo dzacho dzakafanana.
5. Edza kugadzira nzira mbiri dzekufamba nadzo uye kuverenga musiyano uripo pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kuti ufungidzire daro riri pakati pemakiromita egungwa.
Chiitwa ichi chidiki chichaita kuti uve nehanya nekuenzanisa nhamba nezviyero zvedaro.
Mhedziso
Sisitimu yekuronga mafambiro egungwa inotibvumira kuziva nzvimbo chaiyo yatinogara pamusoro peNyika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzegungwa uko zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvishoma. Chinhu chikuru chekuinzwisisa kunzwisisa latitude nelongitude, kuziva mafomati ekunyora (DMS, DM, DD), kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemaminitsi e latitude ne nautical miles, uye kuteerera datum kudzivirira kuchinja kwenzvimbo. Nekugara uchiverenga machati egungwa uye kudzidzira kushandisa GPS/plotter, uchava nechivimbo chekufamba netsoka uye kugovera nzvimbo yako nemazvo.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mienzaniso yekushandura ngarava, gwara rekuverenga chati yegungwa ine mifananidzo, kana chinyorwa chinotarisa vabati vehove/varedzi/vanodzura ngarava.
