Ruzivo rwekutanga rweMotokari muKudzidza kweUinjiniya hweMotokari
Kudzidza uinjiniya wemotokari hakuparadzaniswi nekunzwisisa sainzi yekutanga yemotokari. Ruzivo urwu rwekutanga runopa hwaro hwevadzidzi, vadzidzi veyunivhesiti, uye vashandi vatsva kuti vanzwisise mashandiro emotokari, kuongorora matambudziko, uye kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kwakakodzera. Pasina hwaro hwakasimba, kudzidza kwakasimba senge masisitimu ejekiseni, kudzora kwemagetsi, kana kuongorora kwakaoma kwekukuvadzwa kuchave kwakaoma. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa huru dzesainzi yekutanga yemotokari inowanzodzidzwa mudzidzo yeinjiniya yemotokari.
1. Kunzwisisa Mota Nemitemo Yekushanda
Mota inzira yekufambisa inofambiswa neinjini, ingave injini yekupisa mukati kana mota yemagetsi. Kazhinji, mota ine masisitimu makuru akabatana: simba remagetsi, sisitimu yemagetsi, sisitimu yechassis, uye masisitimu ekudzora nekuchengetedza.
Pfungwa yekushanda kwemotokari inogona kunzwisiswa senzira yekushandura simba kuita kufamba. Mumotokari dzinoshandisa peturu kana dhiziri, simba remakemikari remafuta rinoshandurwa kuita simba rekupisa kuburikidza nekupisa, uye rozopedzisira rava simba remakanika muchimiro chekutenderera kwecrankshaft. Kutenderera uku kunopfuudzwa kuburikidza nekutumira kuenda kumavhiri, zvichiita kuti motokari ikwanise kufamba.
2. Zvinokosha zveInjini
Zvinhu zveinjini ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha muinjiniya yemotokari. Dzimwe pfungwa huru dzekunzwisisa dzinosanganisira:
a. Kutenderera Kwebasa reMuchina
Injini dzepeturu dzinowanzo shandisa Otto cycle nematanho mana: intake, compression, power, uye exhaust. Injini dzedhiziri dzinoshandisawo matanho mana, asi kutsva kunoitika nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinopisa mhepo uye zvinobatidza mafuta anopinzwa.
Kunzwisisa kutenderera uku kwakakosha nekuti kune chekuita nekuongorora matambudziko akadai sekumanikidzwa kusina simba, kupisa kusina kukwana, kana kushandisa mafuta zvakanyanya.
b. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveInjini
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semapiston, mapiston rings, macylinder, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, mavalvu, uye macylinder heads zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti zvinoshanda sei. Semuenzaniso, mapiston rings anochengetedza compression uye control oil; mapiston akakuvara anogona kukonzera utsi hwemhepo uye simba shoma.
c. Sisitimu yeKuzora uye Kutonhodza
Masisitimu maviri aya anochengetedza injini ichishanda zvakanaka. Kuisa mafuta mumafuta kunoderedza kukweshana uye kupera kwezvikamu, ukuwo kutonhora kuchichengetedza tembiricha yekushanda kweinjini kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya. Zvinhu zvekutanga zvinosanganisirwa zvinosanganisira marudzi emafuta, kumanikidzwa kwemafuta, mitsetse yekutenderera, radiator, thermostat, fan yekutonhodza, uye coolant.
3. Sisitimu yeMafuta neKupisa
Basa remuchina wemafuta nderekupa huwandu chaihwo hwemafuta hunodiwa neinjini. Masisitimu akajairwa anoshandisa kabhureta (peturu) kana pombi yekuisa injini (dhiziri). Mumotokari dzemazuva ano, masisitimu ekuisa mafuta emagetsi (EFI) anoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekunyatsorongeka kwawo.
Pfungwa dzakakosha mukudzidza dzinosanganisira chiyero chemhepo nemafuta, atomization yemafuta, kunaka kwekupisa, uye mhedzisiro yekupiswa kusina kukwana. Kunzwisisa uku kunobatsira kuongorora zviratidzo zvakaita sekukakama kweinjini, kuoma kutanga, kutambisa mafuta, kana kuburitsa mweya wakawanda.
4. Sisitimu Yekupisa (Injini yePeturu Chete)
Sisitimu yekupisa inogadzira spark yekubatidza musanganiswa wemhepo nemafuta. Sisitimu iyi inosanganisira bhatiri/alternator, ignition coil, spark plugs, CDI/TCI, uye masensa mumasisitimu emazuva ano.
Zvinhu zvepakutanga zvinoda kunzwisiswa zvinosanganisira:
- Basa reSpark plug uye huwandu hwekupisa
- High voltage uye kuumbwa kwespark
- Nguva yekubatidza moto uye mhedzisiro yayo pamagetsi nekushandiswa kwemafuta
- Zviratidzo zvezvinetso zvekubatidza moto zvakaita semoto wakakanganisika uye kuputika kwemoto
5. Sisitimu yeMagetsi eMotokari
Unyanzvi hwemagetsi emotokari inzvimbo yakakosha inowanzo kuve yakaoma kune vanotanga nekuti inosanganisira pfungwa dzekutanga dzemagetsi uye mashandisirwo anoshanda mumotokari.
a. Pfungwa dzeMagetsi Dzekutanga
Vadzidzi veinjiniya yemotokari vanowanzo dzidza nezve voltage (volts), current (amperes), resistance (ohms), uye Ohm's law. Pamusoro pezvo, pfungwa yema series-parallel circuits uye kushandisa multimeter hunyanzvi hunodiwa.
b. Sisitimu yekuchaja nekutanga
Sisitimu yekutanga inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita kutenderera kwekutanga kweinjini kuburikidza nemota yekutanga, solenoid, nebhatiri. Sisitimu yekuchaja inochengetedza bhatiri richichajwa kuburikidza nealternator neregulator. Kukundikana kuita chero chimwe chezvinhu izvi kunogona kukonzera kuoma kutanga mota kana bhatiri richibuda nekukurumidza.
c. Masisitimu emwenje nezvishongedzo
Mwenje, honi, mawiper, mahwindo emagetsi, uye masisitimu evaraidzo zvimwe zvezvikamu zvemagetsi emotokari. Kosi iyi inosimbisa kuverenga madhayagiramu emagetsi, kuongorora marelay nemafuse, uye kuongorora mashort circuits.
6. Sisitimu yePowertrain
Sisitimu yekufambisa simba ine basa rekufambisa simba kubva kuinjini kuenda kumavhiri kuitira kuti mota ikwanise kufamba sezvinodiwa.
a. Clutch uye Transmission
Mukushandisa manual transmission, clutch inoshandiswa kubatanidza nekudzima kutenderera kweinjini kutransmission. Zvinhu zvepakutanga zvinofukidza mashandiro e clutch plate, pressure plate, release bearing, uye zviratidzo zvakaita sekutsvedza kwe clutch. Kune automatic transmission, kudzidza kwekutanga kunosanganisira torque converter, planetary gears, uye gearshift principles.
b. Differential uye Drive Shaft
Kusiyana uku kunoita kuti mavhiri ekuruboshwe nerudyi atenderere nekumhanya kwakasiyana kana achitenderera. Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakaita se ring gear, pinion gear, uye axle shaft kunobatsira kuongorora ruzha runonzwika kana kudedera motokari ichiri kufamba.
7. Sisitimu yeChassis: Chinofambisa, Suspension, uye Mabhureki
Chassis ine chekuita zvakananga nekunyaradzwa, kudzora uye kuchengetedzeka.
a. Sisitimu Yekutungamira
Sisitimu yekufambisa inochinja mafambiro emotokari ichishandisa rack nepinion kana recirculating ball mechanism. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira steering gear, tie rod, ball joint, uye wheel alignment (toe, camber, caster). Kusagadzirisa zvakanaka kunogona kukonzera kuti motokari idhonze parutivi uye iparare nguva isati yakwana.
b. Sisitimu Yekumisa
Mashandiro esuspension ekuderedza kudedera uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana. Zvinhu zvakajairika zvinosanganisira mashock absorbers, masprings (coil/leaf), stabilizer bars, uye bushings. Muchidzidzo chino, vadzidzi vanonzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pesuspension nekubata uye vanoongorora kukuvara kwakadai sekudonhedza kunobuda kana bushings dzakasakara.
c. Sisitimu yeMabhureki
Mabhureki ndiwo masisitimu akakosha kwazvo pakuchengetedza. Makosi anosanganisira mabhureki edhisiki nedhiramu, misimboti yehydraulic, ma master cylinders, ma caliper, ma brake booster, uye sisitimu yeABS mumotokari dzemazuva ano. Kuongorora kwekutanga, kwakadai sekukundikana kwe brake pedal, kurira kwe brake, kana kusashanda zvakanaka kwe brake, inyanzvi dzakakosha.
8. Kuongorora Kwepakutanga uye Kuchengetedza Nguva Nenguva
Dzidzo yeinjiniya yemotokari inosanganisira zvinopfuura dzidziso chete; inosimudzirawo pfungwa dzekuongorora. Vadzidzi vanodzidziswa kuona zviratidzo, kuona zvikonzero, uye kuona matanho ekugadzirisa. Nheyo dzekugadzirisa nguva dzose dzakadai sekuchinja mafuta nefirita, kuongororwa kwemabhureki, kugadziriswa, uye kuongororwa kwemagetsi zvakakosha nekuti zvinowanzoitika mumunda.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuchengetedzeka pabasa (K3) uye kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvimwe zvezviziviso zvepakutanga. Kushandiswa kwemajeki, majeki ekumisa, mawrenji ekupinza, maturusi ekuyera, uye nzira dzekubata mafuta nemagetsi dzinofanirwa kuitwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti basa rakachengeteka uye rakanaka.
Mhedziso
Ruzivo rwekutanga rwemotokari ndiyo hwaro hukuru hwekudzidza uinjiniya hwemotokari. Kunzwisisa injini, sisitimu yemafuta, kubatidza, sisitimu yemagetsi, powertrain, chassis, uye diagnostics nekugadzirisa zvese zvakabatana uye zvinoumba hunyanzvi hwakazara hwemutekinisi wemotokari. Kuziva izvi zvakakosha kuchaita kuti kudzidza zvinhu zvepamusoro kuve nyore, uye kudzidzira kwemumusangano kunogona kuitwa nekuvimba kukuru, kunyatsojeka, uye kuchengetedzeka.
Kana uchida, chinyorwa chino chinogona kusimudzirwa kuita module yakazara yekudzidza ine mibvunzo yemuenzaniso, mapepa ebasa rekudzidzira, kana pfupiso yechitsauko chimwe nechimwe yezvinodiwa kuchikoro kana kudzidziswa.
