Kuoxidation uye Kuderedza: Nheyo dzeMaitiro eMakemikoro
Kuoxidation nekuderedza zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha mukemikari zvinowanzoenderana. Kuchinja uku kwemakemikari kunosanganisira kufamba kwemaerekitironi kwakakosha mumabasa akasiyana-siyana echisikigo neemaindasitiri, kusanganisira kufema kwemasero, kupisa mafuta, uye mashandiro emagetsi mumabhatiri. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura tsananguro, nhoroondo, nzira, uye mashandisirwo eoxidation nekuderedza nenzira yakazara asi iri nyore kuwana.
Tsanangudzo yeOxidation uye Kuderedza
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, oxidation zvinoreva kurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi nemorekuru, atomu, kana ion. Kusiyana neizvi, kuderedza ndiko kuwana kwemaerekitironi nemorekuru, atomu, kana ion. Tsanangudzo iyi inowanzo pfupikiswa kunzi "OIL RIG": Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.
Kuoxidation:
\[
\text{A} \rightarrow \text{A}^{+} + e^{-}
\]
Kuderedza:
\[
\text{B} + e^{-} \rightarrow \text{B}^{-}
\]
Mukuita kwekuderedza oxidation (redox), pane zvinhu zviviri zvinogara zviripo: oxidizing agent nereducing agent. Oxidizing agent chinhu chinogamuchira maerekitironi uye chinoderedzwa, nepo reducing agent iri chinhu chinorasikirwa nemaerekitironi uye chinoderedzwa.
Nhoroondo yeKugadzirwa kwePfungwa
Nhoroondo inotaura kuti pfungwa ye oxidation yakatanga kuunzwa muzana remakore rechi18 nemusayendisiti wekuFrance Antoine Lavoisier. Lavoisier akaona kuti kana simbi dzikapindirana neokisijeni, dzinoumba "ma oxides." Apa ndipo pakabva izwi rekuti "oxidation." Zvisinei, pfungwa yekuderedza uye hukama hwayo ne oxidation yakazogadzirwazve nemasayendisiti akadai saHumphry Davy naMichael Faraday muzana remakore rechi19.
Muna 1834, Faraday akatsanangura kuti mashandiro emagetsi mumasero evoltaic anogadzira magetsi anokonzerwa nekufamba kwemaerekitironi. Izvi zvakabatsira kujekesa kunzwisisa kwebasa remaerekitironi mumaitiro e redox.
Maitiro Ekutanga uye Nheyo
Redox reaction ine zvikamu zviviri zvehafu: oxidation half-reaction uye reduction half-reaction. Ngatifungei nezvemuenzaniso wakajairika: reaction iri pakati pezinc (Zn) ne copper(II) ions (Cu^{2+}) mumvura ine mvura.
Kuoxidation Hafu yeKuita:
\[
\text{Zn} \rightarrow \text{Zn}^{2+} + 2e^{-}
\]
Kuderedza Hafu yeKuita:
\[
\chinyorwa{Cu}^{2+} + 2e^{-} \museve wekurudyi \zvinyorwa{Cu}
\]
Kana zvikamu zviviri izvi zvehafu-reaction zvabatanidzwa, tinowana mhinduro yakazara ye redox:
\[
\text{Zn} + \text{Cu}^{2+} \rightarrow \text{Zn}^{2+} + \text{Cu}
\]
Mukuita uku, zinc (Zn) inoshanda semushonga unodzikisa simba nekuti inopa maerekitironi, nepo maion emhangura (Cu^{2+}) anoshanda semushonga unooxidiza simba nekuti anogamuchira maerekitironi.
Maitiro eRedox anodzorwawo nemisimboti yekuchengetedza huremu uye kuchengetedza simba remagetsi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukuita kwemakemikari, huwandu hwemaatomu nesimba remagetsi zvinofanira kuramba zvakafanana.
Mashandisirwo muHupenyu hweZuva Nezuva
Maitiro eRedox anoita basa rakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye indasitiri:
1. Kufema Kwemasero: Muzvinhu zvipenyu, kufema kwemasero inzira ye redox umo glucose inosanganiswa kuti igadzire simba muchimiro cheATP. Okisijeni yatinofema inoshanda se oxidizing agent, ukuwo glucose inoshanda se reduction agent.
2. Kuora: Maitiro eoxidation ndiwo zvakare hwaro hwengura, apo simbi dzakadai sesimbi (Fe) dzinoita mubatanidzwa neokisijeni nemvura kuti dzigadzire maokisijeni akadai sengura (Fe_2O_3).
3. Mabhatiri neMasero eFuel: Mumabhatiri, maelectrode anosangana neredox reactions dzinoshandura simba remakemikari kuita simba remagetsi. Semuenzaniso, mumabhatiri e lithium-ion, lithium ions dzinoita basa mukutamiswa kwemaerekitironi pakati pemaerekitironi akanaka neasina kunaka kuburikidza neredox reactions.
4. Kugadzira Photosynthesis: Muzvirimwa, photosynthesis inzira ye redox umo chlorophyll inooxidize mvura kuti igadzire okisijeni uye inoderedza kabhoni dioxide kuita glucose pasi pesimba rezuva.
5. Kuchenesa Simbi: Muindasitiri yesimbi, kubviswa kwesimbi kubva mumatombo adzo kunosanganisira kuita redox. Semuenzaniso, aruminiyamu inobviswa kuburikidza neelectrolysis kubva kualumina (Al_2O_3), uko maion earuminiyamu anoderedzwa kuita simbi yakachena yearuminiyamu.
6. Kubvisa utachiona mumvura: Maitiro ekubvisa utachiona mumvura uchishandisa chlorine anosanganisira redox reaction umo chlorine inoshanda semushonga unouraya tupukanana tunokonzera zvirwere.
Kuomarara muOxidation uye Kuderedza
Kunyange hazvo misimboti yekutanga yekuoxidation nekuderedza iri nyore, mukuita, maitiro e redox anogona kunge akaomarara. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti maitiro mazhinji emakemikari anosanganisira anopfuura marudzi maviri eatomu kana mamorekuru, uye mamiriro ekunze akadai sepH netembiricha anogonawo kukanganisa maitiro aya.
Electrochemistry inzvimbo imwe chete inotsanangura kuomarara uku, uko maitiro e redox anoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi kana kuti anokurumidziswa nemagetsi. Sero revoltaic muenzaniso uri nyore wekushandiswa kwemagetsi apo kuerekana kwemaitiro e redox kunogadzira magetsi. Masero eelectrolytic, kune rumwe rutivi, anoshandisa magetsi kumanikidza maitiro e redox asingangoerekana aitika kuti aitike.
Basa Mukuchengetedzwa Kwezvakatipoteredza
Maitiro eRedox haana kukosha chete mune zvetekinoroji uye zvemaindasitiri, asiwo ane zvazvinoreva zvikuru pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Semuenzaniso:
– Kurapa Marara: Maitiro ekurapa marara anowanzo sanganisira maitiro e redox kuderedza chepfu yezvinosvibisa zve organic ne inorganic.
– Kuderedza Kubuda Kwemhepo: Tekinoroji yekuchenesa magasi emhepo inosanganisira maitiro e redox ekushandura zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakaita se nitrogen oxides (NOx) uye sulfur dioxide (SO2) kuita zvinhu zvisingakuvadzi zvakanyanya.
– Kugadzira Photocatalysis: Tekinoroji yekugadzira Photocatalysis inoshandisa ma semiconductor akadai se titanium dioxide (TiO2) kuodza tsvina ye organic pasi pesimba re UV light kuburikidza ne redox reactions.
Mhedziso
Kuoxidation nekuderedza zvinhu zviviri zvakafanana mumakemikari makuru. Izvi zvinoumba musimboti wemaitiro akawanda emakemikari akakosha kuhupenyu netekinoroji. Kubva pakufema kwemasero kusvika kune tekinoroji yemabhatiri inosimbisa michina yedu yedhijitari, maitiro e redox anopa ruzivo rwakadzama rwekuti mamorekuru anoshanda sei uye anochinja sei. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro aya hakungokoshi chete kune vesainzi nemainjiniya asiwo kunotibatsira kukoshesa nekuchengetedza nharaunda yatinogara.
Sezvo tekinoroji neruzivo mukemistri zvichiramba zvichifambira mberi, tinogona kutarisira kuwana mamwe mashandisirwo nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda kwakavakirwa pamisimboti ye oxidation nekuderedza. Kuburikidza nedzidzo inoenderera mberi nekutsvagisa, tinogona kuwedzera mabhenefiti e redox reactions pakufambira mberi kwevanhu.
