Kupatsanurwa kweMamiriro ekunze Zvichienderana neNzvimbo
Pasi, nekusiyana-siyana kwaro kukuru, rinoratidza mamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana, rimwe nerimwe richipesvedzera zvakasiyana zvirimwa, mhuka, uye hupenyu hwevanhu vanogara mazviri. Kuti vanzwisise uye vagadzirise kusiyana uku, masayendisiti anoshandisa masisitimu ekupatsanura mamiriro ekunze anoisa pasi muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemamiriro ekunze. Matunhu aya anotibatsira kunzwisisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze, hunhu hwezvakatipoteredza, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze evanhu. Imwe yemasisitimu anonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekupatsanura mamiriro ekunze kweKöppen, asi kune dzimwe nzira zvakare. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora pfungwa yenzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, ichisimbisa kupatsanura kweKöppen uku ichibata mamwe masisitimu akakosha.
Kurongeka Kwemamiriro Ekunze eKöppen
Yakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze yekuGermany Wladimir Köppen mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nzira yekupatsanura mamiriro ekunze yeKöppen ndiyo inoramba iri nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Inoronga mamiriro ekunze epasi rose mumapoka mashanu makuru, rimwe nerimwe richimiririrwa nebhii rakasiyana, uye inoaparadzanisa zvakare zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemwaka netembiricha.
1. Mamiriro ekunze emunzvimbo dzinopisa (A)
Characteristics:
– Tembiricha dzakakwira dzinogara dziripo, kazhinji dzinopfuura 18°C (64.4°F) gore rose.
– Mvura yakawanda pagore, inowanzo pfuura 200 cm (79 inches).
Nzvimbo Dzepasi:
– Masango emvura anonaya muTropical Rainforest (Af): Hapana mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura; mvura yakawanda inogara ichinaya.
– Mvura yemuchadenga inonaya muTropical Monsoon (Am): Mwaka mupfupi wemvura isina kunaya, mvura yakawanda inonaya.
– Tropical Savanna (Aw kana As): Mwaka yakasiyana yemvura nemwaka yakaoma.
Regions:
– Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, Southeast Asia.
2. Mamiriro ekunze akaoma (B)
Characteristics:
– Mvura inonaya zvishoma, ingava gwenga (rakaonda) kana kuti matunhu akaoma (akaonda zvishoma).
– Mwero wemvura inobuda mumhepo yakawanda.
Nzvimbo Dzepasi:
– Renje (BWh, BWk): Mvura inonaya zvishoma kwazvo.
– Steppe (BSh, BSk): Mvura inonaya zvishoma kupfuura magwenga.
Regions:
– Sahara Desert, Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia.
3. Mamiriro ekunze anodziya (C)
Characteristics:
– Tembiricha dziri pakati nepakati.
– Zvirimwa zvinomera zvinomera zvakasvibira uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
Nzvimbo Dzepasi:
– Mediterranean (Csa, Csb): Mwaka wezhizha unopisa, wakaoma; mwaka wechando wakanyorova, unonaya.
– Hunyoro Hunogara muSubtropical (Cfa, Cwa): Mwaka wezhizha unopisa uye une hunyoro; mwaka wechando wakanyorova.
– Marine West Coast (Cfb, Cfc): Mwaka wechando unodziya uye wezhizha unodziya zvishoma nezvishoma.
Regions:
– Kuchamhembe kweEurope, Kumabvazuva kweUnited States, Kumahombekombe eChile.
4. Mamiriro ekunze eContinental (D)
Characteristics:
- Kuchinja kukuru kwekushisa kwemwaka.
– Muchando chinotonhora uye muzhizha rinodziya kusvika rinopisa.
Nzvimbo Dzepasi:
– Hunyoro hweContinental (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb): Kunaya kwemvura kwakawanda mugore rose.
– Subarctic (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd): Mwaka wechando wakareba, unotonhora zvikuru; mwaka wezhizha mupfupi, unodziya.
Regions:
- Mukati meNorth America, kuchamhembe kweAsia.
5. Mamiriro ekunze ePolar (E)
Characteristics:
– Kutonhora kunogara kuripo.
Nzvimbo Dzepasi:
– Tundra (ET): Mwaka wezhizha mupfupi, unotonhorera; permafrost.
– Chivharo chechando (EF): Aizi nechando zvisingaperi.
Regions:
– Antarctica, Greenland.
Mamwe Masisitimu Ekupatsanura Mamiriro Ekunze
Kunyange zvazvo hurongwa hweKöppen hwakakwana, mamwe mapoka anopa mamwe maonero.
Sisitimu yeThornthwaite
Yakagadzirwa nenyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze yekuAmerica Charles Warren Thornthwaite, sisitimu iyi inotarisa pakuwanikwa kwehunyoro munzvimbo dzakasiyana, zvichiratidza tembiricha, kunaya kwemvura, uye evapotranspiration. Inonyanya kubatsira muzvidzidzo zvekurima uye zvezvakatipoteredza, zvichibatsira kufanotaura kuenzana kwemvura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Chiyero chehunyoro:
– Kuoma: Mamiriro ezvinhu apo evapotranspiration inodarika mvura inonaya.
– Nzvimbo dzisina mvura yakawanda: Kushomeka kwemvura shoma.
– Hunyoro: Mamiriro ezvinhu apo mvura inonaya inodarika evapotranspiration zvakanyanya.
Sisitimu yeTrewartha
Yakashandurwa kubva muhurongwa hweKöppen nenyanzvi yezvejogirafi Glenn Trewartha, hurongwa uhwu hune chinangwa chekugadzirisa zvimwe zvezvipingamupinyi zveKöppen. Hunopa kupatsanurwa kwakadzama kwemamiriro ekunze ekupisa uye hunosanganisira zvinodiwa zvezvirimwa nemarudzi evhu.
Nzvimbo Dzinokosha:
– Boka A: Mamiriro ekunze emuchadenga.
– Boka B: Mamiriro ekunze asina mvura.
– Boka C: Mamiriro ekunze anodziya, akakamurwa kuita Cs (Mediterranean), Cw (Kuoma-muchando), uye Cf (Marine).
Zvinokonzera Nzvimbo Dzemamiriro Ekunze
Kuziva nekunzwisisa nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze hazvisi zvidzidzo zvedzidzo chete; zvine zvazvinoreva zvikuru:
1. Kurima: Kuziva nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze kunobatsira pakusarudza zvirimwa zvakakodzera, kufanotaura nguva yekukohwa, uye kutarisira kudiridza.
2. Kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu: Nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze dzinosarudza rudzi rwemiti nemhuka dzinogona kukura, zvichitungamira mumabasa ekuchengetedza.
3. Kuronga Maguta: Vavaki nevarongi vemaguta vanoshandisa ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze kugadzira zvivakwa zvinoshandisa simba shoma uye kuronga maguta anodzivirira kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze.
4. Kuongorora Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze: Nekutarisa kuchinja kwenzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, masayendisiti anogona kutevera nekufanotaura mhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasi rose.
mhedziso
Kupatsanura mamiriro ekunze zvichienderana nenzvimbo chinhu chakakosha mukudzidza mamiriro akasiyana-siyana epasi redu. Sisitimu yekupatsanura mamiriro ekunze yeKöppen, ine kupatsanura kwayo kwakarurama, inopa kunzwisisa kwakakura kwemamiriro ekunze epasi rose, nepo masisitimu akaita seThornthwaite naTrewartha achiwedzera maonero akasiyana-siyana, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwakadai sekurima nekuronga maguta. Kunzwisisa kuoma kwenzvimbo idzi kunotigonesa kutarisira zviri nani zviwanikwa zvechisikigo, kuronga mamiriro ekunze emangwana, uye kunzwisisa dandemutande rakaoma rehupenyu rakabatana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana ePasi.
