Nheyo dzekutanga dzeAtmospheric Dynamics
Mhepo yakapoteredza Pasi chinhu chikuru, chakaoma kunzwisisa chinotongwa nemitemo nemisimboti yakaoma. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yekuchinja kwemhepo, iyo inosanganisira kudzidza mafambiro emhepo nemasimba anokonzera, kwakakosha kune vanoongorora mamiriro ekunze, vanoongorora mamiriro ekunze, uye chero ani zvake ane hanya zvikuru nemaitiro emamiriro ekunze uye maitiro emhepo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa pfungwa idzi huru, chichipa pfupiso yemaitiro anochinja anoumba mamiriro edu ekunze nemamiriro ekunze.
1. Maumbirwo eDutu reMhepo
Kuti unzwisise mashandiro emhepo, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa chimiro chemhepo yepasi, iyo ine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana. Kubva pamusoro zvichikwira, zvikamu izvi ndeizvi:
1. Troposphere: Dura rakaderera panenge paine mamiriro ekunze. Rinosvika makiromita angangoita 8-15, uye kudzika kwaro kunosiyana zvichienderana nelatitude nemwaka.
2. Stratosphere: Inotangira pamusoro petroposphere kusvika makiromita angangoita makumi mashanu. Ine ozone layer, iyo inonwisa uye inoparadzira mwaranzi yezuva ye ultraviolet.
3. Mesosphere: Inotangira pamakiromita angangoita makumi mashanu kusvika makumi masere nemashanu apo tembiricha inodzikira nekukwirira.
4. Thermosphere: Pamusoro pemesosphere, inosvika makiromita mazana matanhatu, inoratidzwa nekuwedzera kwekupisa nekukurumidza nekukwirira.
5. Exosphere: Chikamu chekunze uko mhepo inotetepa kuita nzvimbo.
Troposphere inonyanya kukosha pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nekuti ndiyo ine huwandu hwakawanda hwehuremu hwemhepo uye ndipo panoitika mamiriro ekunze akawanda.
2. Mhedzisiro yeCoriolis
Chinhu chikuru chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze mumhepo iCoriolis Effect, iyo inokonzerwa nekutenderera kweNyika. Chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinoita kuti mhepo inofamba (nemvura) itendeukire kurudyi muchikamu chekuchamhembe uye kuruboshwe muchikamu chekumaodzanyemba. Coriolis Effect inokanganisa mafambiro emhepo, mafungu egungwa, uye kunyange nzira dzekubhururuka dzendege dziri kure.
Semuenzaniso, mhepo dzekutengeserana, dzinovhuvhuta dzichibva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwechikamu chekuchamhembe uye dzichibva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwechikamu chekuchamhembe, dzinobva kuCoriolis Effect pamwe chete nesimba rekumanikidza.
3. Simba reKudzvanya reGradient
Simba rekumanikidza rinoita kuti mhepo ifambe zvakanaka. Muchidimbu, mhepo inofamba kubva kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kuenda kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera. Musiyano wekumanikidzwa pakati penzvimbo yakatarwa unozivikanwa se "pressure gradient", uye simba rinobva mu "gradient" iyi rinofambisa mhepo pamusoro penyika.
Kana zvabatanidzwa neCoriolis Effect uye masimba ekukweshana (ayo anoita basa guru pedyo nepamusoro peNyika), simba rekukweshana rinotsanangura kuti sei mapatani emhepo asingawanzo famba akatwasuka kubva kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakakwirira kuenda kune kwakaderera asi pachinzvimbo ichi anowanzo tevera nzira dzakakombama.
4. Mhepo dzeGeostrophic neGradient
Kana simba rekumanikidzwa kwemhepo neCoriolis Effect zvakaenzana, mhepo inobuda inozivikanwa semhepo yegeostrophic. Mhepo idzi dzinoyerera dzakafanana neisobars (mitsara yekumanikidzwa kwemhepo inogara iripo) uye dzinonyanya kuoneka mu troposphere yepamusoro, uko masimba ekukweshana ari mashoma.
Pedyo nepasi, kukweshana kunova kwakakosha uye kunochinja maitiro emhepo, zvichikonzera mhepo dzinofamba dzichitevedza nzira yakakombama dzakatenderedza masisitimu ekumanikidzwa kwete kuyerera kwakananga kwegeostrophic. Mhepo idzi dzinoita sedzinotenderera dzichitenderedza masisitimu ekumanikidzwa akakwira (anticyclones) neakaderera (cyclones).
5. Thermodynamics muAtmosphere
Thermodynamics inoita basa guru mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nekuraira kuti tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, uye hunyoro zvinoshanda sei:
– Maitiro eAdiabatic: Maitiro aya anosanganisira kuchinja kwekushisa pasina kuchinjana kwekupisa nenzvimbo. Mhepo painokwira, inokura uye inotonhora nekukurumidza; painodzika, inodzvanya uye inodziya.
– Kupisa Kusingaonekwe: Uku kupisa kunoburitswa kana kunyudzwa panguva yekuchinja kwemvura (semuenzaniso, kupwanyika kwemvura, kuumbwa kwemvura). Kuburitswa kwekupisa kusingaonekwe panguva yekuumbwa kwemvura kunokurudzira mamiriro ekunze ane simba akadai semadutu nemadutu.
– Mapurofayiro eTembiricha: Mwero wekupera kwemhepo, kana mwero wekuchinja kwetembiricha nekukwirira, ipfungwa yakakosha. Mwero wekupera kwemhepo nharaunda ndiwo mwero chaiwo unoonekwa mumhepo, nepo mwero wekupera kwemhepo (wakaoma uye wakanyorova) ndiwo mwero wekufungidzira wezvipenyu zvisina kuguta uye zvakazara, zvichiteerana.
6. Kutenderera Kwemhepo Mumhepo
Mafambiro emhepo pasi rose anokonzerwa nekupisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwepasi uye kufamba kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwemhepo. Equator inowana chiedza chezuva chakananga uye, nekudaro, kupisa kwakawanda zvichienzaniswa nematanda. Musiyano uyu unofambisa mafungu makuru e convection, zvichigadzira masero matatu makuru mu hemisphere yega yega:
1. Hadley Cell: Pakati peequator ne30° latitude, apo mhepo inodziya inokwira paequator yodzika pasubtropical latitudes.
2. Ferrel Cell: Pakati pe30° ne60° latitudes, ine maitiro akaomarara ekufamba nemhepo yepamusoro ichifamba ichienda kumberi uye mhepo yepamusoro ichifamba ichienda kuequator.
3. Polar Cell: Iri pakati pe60° latitude nematanda, uko mhepo inotonhora inodzika yofamba ichienda kuequator pamusoro.
Masero aya anoshanda pamwe chete kuti agadzire mapatani emhepo aripo akadai semhepo dzinotenderera, kumadokero, uye kumadokero epakati nepakati.
7. Nzizi dzeJet
Majeti streams emhepo akamanikana, anoyerera nekukurumidza anowanikwa pamiganhu iri pakati pemasero emuchadenga, kazhinji muzvikamu zvepamusoro zvetroposphere. Majeti streams makuru anosanganisira polar jet stream uye subtropical jet stream. Majeti aya anotungamirwa nekupisa kuri pakati pemhepo dzakasiyana uye anoita basa rakakosha mumamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzendege.
8. Masisitimu eMamiriro ekunze
Kubatana kwakasimba kwenheyo idzi kunoguma nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emamiriro ekunze:
– Madutu: Masisitimu ane simba shoma anoratidzwa nemhepo yepamusoro inoungana uye mhepo inokwira, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwemakore nemvura.
– Anticyclones: Masisitimu ekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro-soro anoratidzwa nemhepo yepamusoro inochinja-chinja uye mhepo inodzika, zvichikonzera denga rakajeka uye mamiriro ekunze akadzikama.
– Miganhu: Miganhu iri pakati pemhepo ine tembiricha dzakasiyana uye hunyoro hwakasiyana. Inobatsira pakuchinja kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze, senge miganhu inotonhora inokonzera kudzikira kwetembiricha kamwe kamwe uye mabhanan'ana.
mhedziso
Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inzvimbo yakapfuma uye yakaoma yekudzidza yakatarisana nekunzwisisa kuti mhepo inoita sei uye nei ichiita saizvozvo. Nekuongorora misimboti yemasimba ekumanikidzwa, Coriolis Effect, thermodynamics, uye maitiro ekutenderera kwemhepo yakakura, tinogona kufanotaura zviri nani uye kunzwisisa maitiro emamiriro ekunze uye shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze. Kunzwisisa uku hakusi kwedzidzo chete; kune zvakunoreva zvakanyanya pakurima, ndege, kugadzirira njodzi, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvemabasa evanhu. Sezvatinoramba tichivandudza mamodheru edu nekucherechedza, nzvimbo yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze icharamba iri pamberi pekuedza kutsanangura kuoma kwemhepo yepasi.
